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Snowy 2.0 Pumped Storage Power Station

Snowy 2.0 Pumped Storage Power Station or Snowy Hydro 2.0 or simply Snowy 2.0 is a pumped-hydro battery megaproject in New South Wales, Australia. The dispatchable generation project expands upon the original Snowy Mountains Scheme connecting two existing dams through a 27-kilometre (17 mi) underground tunnel and a new, underground pumped-hydro power station. The project is led by public company Snowy Hydro Limited. Snowy 2.0 is expected to last for at least 100 years, and supply 2.2 gigawatts of capacity and about 350,000 megawatt-hours of large-scale storage to the national electricity market. It is the largest renewable energy project under construction in Australia. It includes one of the largest and deepest cavern excavations ever undertaken. It also includes the longest tunnels of any pumped-hydro station ever built.

History
Initial plans for a power station at the location were discussed in 1966. The original cost of the project was around $2 billion. The study was released on 21 December 2017 and found the project cost would be between $3.8 and 4.5 billion. The first tunnel, completed by October 2022, was a 2.85-kilometre section that provided main access at Lobs Hole. It was 10 metres in diameter and provides pedestrian and vehicle access into the power station. It is 2.93 kilometres long, 10 metres in diameter, and will be used for power station ventilation and high-voltage cables. By February 2024, half of the construction required was complete. It was originally expected to be completed by 2024. Snowy Hydro 2.0 has been beset by delays and cost blowouts. The project is currently expected to be generating power as early as late 2027 and to be fully operational by the end of 2028. The project is using three tunnel boring machines to dig tunnels. Eight weeks later the machine was bogged in wet, soft ground. The machine is capable of digging 30 to 50 metres a day. In December 2022, a sinkhole opened up above the tunnel. A complex fault zone caused the delay. By 11 July Florence was clear of the hard rock after using ultra-high-pressure water jetting. A fourth boring machine was required due to the delays caused by Florence. Drilling and blasting was used to dig caverns. The company managing underground blasting operations was Orica. Rock bolts and shotcrete support the exposed solid rock face. In early 2025, tunnelling work was halted due to safety concerns. In October 2025, the scheme was reported to be 67% complete but it could not be completed within the A$12billion forecast cost. ==Design and location==
Design and location
, 2013 It is located remotely within the Kosciuszko National Park in the Snowy Mountains. It will be located in a cavern 800 metres underground. The underground location allows for reduced environmental impacts within the national park. The Inclined Pressure Shaft (IPS) through which the water will pass is the largest of its kind in the world and facilitates the water's return to the upper reservoir when the pump-turbines operate in reverse. The IPS is 10 metres in diameter, 1.6 kilometres long, and at a 25-degree incline. Pre-cast concrete segments for the shaft are produced at a factory in the town of Cooma. The station will house six reversible Francis pump-turbine and motor-generator units. Three units will be of variable speed with the remaining of synchronous speed. Each turbine will have a rated output of 333 megawatts. Power generating equipment is being supplied by Voith. The construction of overhead power lines by TransGrid has been opposed by community advocacy groups. Landholders' desires to see the transmission line built underground have been opposed due to prohibitive costs. ==See also==
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