Sodium vapor process

The process is not very complicated in principle. An actor is filmed performing in front of a white screen that is lit with powerful sodium vapor lights. This light has a narrow color spectrum, that falls neatly into a chromatic notch between the various color sensitivity layers of color film. In this way the yellow color does not register on the red, green, or blue layers. This allows the complete range of colors to be used, not only in costumes, but also in makeup and props. A camera with a beam-splitter prism is used to expose two separate film elements. The main element is the regular color negative film insensitive to sodium light and the other a fine-grain black-and-white film that is extremely sensitive to the specific wavelength produced by the sodium vapor. This second film element is used to create a matte, as well as a counter-matte, for use during compositing on an optical printer. These complementary mattes allow the various image elements to be cleanly isolated, so that as they are re-exposed onto a single fresh piece of negative, one at a time and in jigsaw fashion, the various images do not show through one another (as they would using simple double exposure). Acquiring the matte film element (as a first-generation original) at the same time as the live action makes a much better fit during optical printing, because it requires fewer separate, duplicate film generations than does bluescreen (though both processes degrade the image and introduce more "error" to the resulting matte) in the process of achieving sufficiently dense mattes. This increased accuracy ultimately renders the matte "lines" almost invisible, though as with bluescreen, its use may be signaled by hard separation or mismatched coloration and contrast between elements, or in this case, a telltale white/yellow fringe. == History ==

Disney made one sodium vapor camera. The camera was a retired Technicolor three-strip camera modified to use two films and used normal lenses for the conventional 1.85:1 aspect ratio. First developed in 1932, Technicolor three-strip cameras ran three rolls of black-and-white film past a beam splitter and a prism to film three strips of film, one for each primary color. In 1952, Eastman Kodak introduced its color negative film, Eastmancolor, which led to Hollywood's discontinuation of Technicolor cameras in 1954. At the time of its use, the sodium process yielded cleaner results than did bluescreen, which was subject to noticeable color spill (a blue tint around the edges of the matte). The increased accuracy allowed for the compositing of materials with finer detail, such as hair or Mary Poppins' veiled hat. It was also useful that the "sodium yellow" light (and its removal via the matte) had a negligible effect on human skin tones. '', the sodium vapor process was used to insert actor Dick Van Dyke into animated footage of dancing penguins. The first use of the process was in the J. Arthur Rank Organisation's Plain Sailing in 1956. and the films The Parent Trap and Mary Poppins. It was also used for the Ray Harryhausen film First Men In The Moon, produced by Columbia Pictures. This was the only film Ray made in Cinemascope. In his film , He needed an alternate method of getting his stop motion characters together onto screen as his traditional methods did not fit the anamorphic lens process. In Satyajit Ray's Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne this process was used to get the infamous Ghost Dance Sequence (Bhooter Nach). Alfred Hitchcock's The Birds (produced by Universal Studios) used yellow screen, under the direction of Disney animator Ub Iwerks, in traveling matte shots with birds' rapidly fluttering wings. The process was used in the 1970s for scenes in Island at the Top of the World, Gus, The Apple Dumpling Gang, Bedknobs and Broomsticks, Freaky Friday, Escape to Witch Mountain, ''Pete's Dragon, and The Black Hole. The last known use of the process was in the 1990 film Dick Tracy.'' Cinematographer Rusty Geller claims that the process was used in the 1983 movie Something Wicked This Way Comes, specifically for "hard matte shots." Geller, who was part of the camera and electrical team, also states that the key to the process was a didymium filter inside the prism and believes that Rank should still have it. He recalls being one of the last to use the system at Disney, where the prism was carefully handled due to its rarity and historical significance. On August 18, 2025, the Walt Disney Archives released images of a sodium vapor prism from its collections. Another prism, along with the modified two-strip Technicolor camera, is on display at the Walt Disney Family Museum. == Modern recreation ==

On April 7, 2024, production studio Corridor Digital published a video showcasing a modern implementation of the sodium vapor process using a custom filter setup developed by Paul Debevec. == Further reading ==