Soft-sediment deformation structures

• Convolute bedding forms when complex folding and crumpling of beds or laminations occur. This type of deformation is found in fine or silty sands, and is usually confined to one rock layer. Convolute laminations are found in flood plain, delta, point-bar, and intertidal-flat deposits. They generally range in size from 3 to 25 cm, but there have been larger formations recorded as several meters thick. • Flame structures consist of mud and are wavy or "flame" shaped. These flames usually extend into an overlying sandstone layer. This deformation is caused from sand being deposited onto mud, which is less dense. • Seismites are sedimentary beds disturbed by seismic waves from earthquakes. They are commonly used to interpret the seismic history of an area. The term has also been applied to soft sediment deformation structures, including sand volcanos, sand blows, and certain clastic dikes. ==References==