Solar noon, also known as the
local apparent solar noon and
Sun transit time (informally
high noon), is the moment when the Sun contacts the observer's meridian (
culmination or
meridian transit), reaching its highest position above the horizon on that day and casting the shortest shadow. This is also the origin of the terms
ante meridiem (a.m.) and
post meridiem (p.m.), as noted below. The Sun is directly overhead at solar noon at the
Equator on the
equinoxes, at the
Tropic of Cancer (
latitude N) on the
June solstice and at the
Tropic of Capricorn ( S) on the
December solstice. In the
Northern Hemisphere, north of the Tropic of Cancer, the Sun is due south of the observer at solar noon; in the
Southern Hemisphere, south of the Tropic of Capricorn, it is due north. When the Sun contacts the observer's meridian at the observer's
zenith, it is perceived to be directly overhead and no
shadows are cast. This occurs at Earth's
subsolar point, a point which moves around the
tropics throughout the year. The elapsed time from the local solar noon of one day to the next is exactly 24 hours on only four instances in any given year. This occurs when the effects of Earth's
obliquity of ecliptic and its
orbital speed around the Sun offset each other. These four days for the
current epoch are centered on 11 February, 13 May, 26 July, and 3 November. It occurs at only one particular line of longitude in each instance. This line varies year to year, since Earth's true
year is not an integer number of days. This event time and location also varies due to
Earth's orbit being gravitationally perturbed by the other planets. These four 24-hour
days occur in both hemispheres simultaneously. The precise
Coordinated Universal Times for these four days also mark when the opposite line of longitude, 180° away, experiences precisely 24 hours from local
midnight to local midnight the next day. Thus, four varying
great circles of longitude define from year to year when a 24-hour day (noon to noon or midnight to midnight) occurs. The two longest time spans from noon to noon occur twice each year, around 20 June (24 hours plus 13 seconds) and 21 December (24 hours plus 30 seconds). The shortest time spans occur twice each year, around 25 March (24 hours minus 18 seconds) and 13 September (24 hours minus 22 seconds). For the same reasons, solar noon and "clock noon" are usually not the same. The
equation of time shows that the reading of a clock (which tracks
mean solar time) at solar noon will be higher or lower than 12:00 by as much as 16 minutes. Additionally, due to the political nature of time zones, as well as the application of
daylight saving time, it can be off by more than an hour. ==Nomenclature==