Songo Mnara

Archaeologists have been analyzing the layout of stone towns on the Swahili coast, mainly focusing on the relationship of the mosques and houses, in order to understand the role of the Swahili coast in Islamic culture, the functions of specific towns, and the complex economic and ritual process of land ownership. Open spaces in towns were used for both functional purposes for social organization. Cemeteries are found both inside and outside the town walls. The layout of Songo Mnara is typical of stone towns along the Swahili coast, though its wall is a unique feature. == Excavations ==

Excavations have helped archaeologists to better understand ways of life at Songo Mnara. Many different areas have been excavated, including several of the more than 40 houses found surrounding the stone town. Trenches were dug in House 44, House 23 outside the houses, by a tomb, and a well. House 44 was an important area of research because of the complexity of the rooms and the fact that it was an individual's house. This house had excavations in each room, each trench having a different number. There was a 1 x1 m test unit on the southwest room, dug slowly because of the layers of ceramics. This excavation stopped when they hit the level of plaster underneath the floor. There was another located on the south-west side of the house which was approximately 4 x 2.25m. There were also ceramics found in this room. The next room was in the center of the house, where they found plaster and coral among the layers of rubble. In this room, they stopped excavations at the plaster floor. There were also excavations done at entrance room, southeastern room, and the back room of the house. The back room that was tested did not show the activity the front rooms did because they were too tidy compared to the front room. During this field school, Kilwa-type coins were found under the floor. All the information found at these houses showed not only was the open space shared, but the houses were also shared at the site. Coins were also found in the open areas, thinking of all the open areas that are there as open areas are used for activities that area found normally to be outside. The introduction of foreign DNA was estimated to have occurred between 708-1219 AD. However, the authors indicate that this likely occurred over "multiple generations" and that mixture of Eurasian and African populations has continually occurred since. These results are consistent to the histories told through the Kilwa Chronicle. == Geoarchaeology ==

Songo Mnara is an island built atop bedrock and sandy subsoil. Its proximity to the epicenter of Kilwa Kisiwani and its limited occupation make it a favorable area for geoarchaeological research. ==Public spaces==

The research done at Songo Mnara's public space is to see how urban centers can help us understand layouts of cities. Within the wall around the town, there is a great deal of space that does not have any architecture, and a public space. Both graveyards and mosques are also considered a public space. Archaeological testing, phytoliths and micromorphology techniques, are a new way of looking at public space. Seven different locations were looked at when doing this research: the western shoreline and areas associated with wattle and daub housing. These areas hold a large variety of artifacts associated with houses within the open space. When looking at the geochemical data, it was found there was a large amount of human activity in the areas of the western shore and areas associated with the wattle and daub houses. Location three looked at space looking at the public spaces and the cemetery/mosque space. During testing of this area, Iron tools were uncovered in primary context, showing there was iron smithing at Songo Mnara. Location four is graves and tombs in the central area, showing the people memorialized the people who were buried there. For memorializing those buried, there were Kilwa coins in remembrance of the loved one buried there. There were ceramic shards found, which would have been used for offering in remembrance of the buried. Location five is the mosque and graveyard. This section was looked at for how the markers were laid out, along with where the mosques were positioned. The geophysical looked at the soil being good for the burial, and no grave goods were uncovered. The sixth location is the public well area, showing this location is the most private place out of all the areas. There was also a midden when doing excavations around the well with a variety of artifacts. The last place looked at is the northern public space, showing with the phytolith research that there were possible garden plots or orchards in the area. During excavations, a variety of domestic and household items were found in this area because it was so close to the houses. In looking at public spaces at Mnara, there were three different areas of public spaces: organized centers, green space and areas of non-elite members’ areas. ==Houses as public spaces==

Researchers have studied the layout of house 44. The back rooms contained artifacts, but the entrance room only contained traces of palm phytoliths in its soil sample. Each back room showed signs of different activity compare with the open space. Excavations of many other houses follow some of what was seen in house 44. The entrance room in house 31 and a center room in house 23 were different than their corresponding rooms in house 44, partly because house 23 is grander than house 44. The artifacts discovered in each room of each house suggested a different activity. Coins within the middens (refuse heaps) along with burials inside the back room suggest the house was not private, but a public space to do business. This is different than how Swahili coast houses have been researched in the past. The evidence suggests that what played out within a city of trade is showing up in the houses that people live in. This shows there is not always a defined way to determine what is a public space and what is a private space. ==Kilwa type coins==

The coins date from the 11th to 16th centuries. More coins were legible than coins that were not. They were uncovered by excavation trenches across Songo Mnara, mostly in the floor layers. Nāsir al-Dunya, ‘Ali b. al-Hasan, and al-Hasan b. Sulaimān were the types found on the site. The Nāsir al-Dunya was not easy to read due to poor preservation. ‘Ali b. al-Hasan markings make up most of the types of Kilwa coins at Songo Mnara. Coins could have been left on the surface from other people, as they predate when the site was occupied, due to dates earlier than occupation of the location. ==Trade==

Trade on the Swahili coast ranged from China, India and other countries who dealt with trade on the Indian Ocean. When looking at who traded with Songo Mnara, there was evidence of ceramic shards from China and southeast Asia. The Chinese ceramics were blue-and-white porcelain, green-glazed stoneware dating from the 14th century. The Southeast Asian pieces were unglazed and green-glazed stoneware from Thi. Only a small amount of imported goods were found due to the agriculture that was carried out at the site. The ceramics found at Songo Mnara were exchange goods. == Documentation with 3D Laser Scanning ==

Between 2005 and 2009, the Zamani Project documented some of the Swahili ruins on Songo Mnara with terrestrial 3D laser scanning. Structures documented on Songo Mnara include: The palace, the mosque and a number of residential buildings. Some of the textured 3D models, panorama tours, elevations, sections and plans are available on www.zamaniproject.org. == Gallery ==

File:Ruins of Songo Mnara, inside the main building.jpg File:Songo Mnara, main building.jpg File:Inside the ruins of Songo Mnara.jpg File:Mihrab of a mosque, Songo Mnara.jpg ==See also==