during the
1956 Winter Olympics, the Soviet Union's first appearance at the Olympics. Ice hockey was not properly introduced into the Soviet Union until the 1940s, though
bandy, a similar game played on a larger ice field, had long been popular in the country. It was during a tour of
FC Dynamo Moscow of the
United Kingdom in 1945 that Soviet officials first got the idea of establishing an ice hockey program. They watched several exhibition matches in London, and
National Hockey League President
Clarence Campbell would later say that "This was the time when the Russians got the idea for their hockey team. The Russian soccer players were more interested in watching Canadian players play hockey than in soccer." The
Soviet Championship League was established in 1946, and the national team was formed shortly after, playing their first matches in a series of exhibitions against
LTC Praha in 1948. The Soviets planned to send a team to the
1953 World Championships, but due to an injury to
Vsevolod Bobrov, one of their star players, officials decided against going. They would make their debut at the
1954 World Championships instead. Largely unknown to the larger hockey world, the team surprised many by winning the gold medal, defeating
Canada in the final game. In 2013, the Soviet national team was awarded the
IIHF Milestone Award for winning the gold medal in their first appearance at the World Championships and the beginning of a rivalry against Canada. The Soviets played their first exhibition tour in Canada in 1957, which perpetuated a rivalry between the countries. Throughout the rest of the 1950s the World Championships were largely contested between Canada and the Soviet Union. That changed in the early 1960s. Canada won the gold in
1961, and after missing the
1962 tournament due to political issues, the Soviets would win the gold medal every year until 1972. They faced perhaps their greatest upset at the
1976 World Championships; in their opening match against host
Poland, the Soviets were defeated 6–4. In 1972 the Soviets played Canada in an exhibition series that saw the Soviet national team play a team composed of
National Hockey League (NHL) players for the first time. Both the Olympics and World Championships did not allow professionals, so the best Canadian players were never able to compete against the Soviets, and in protest at this Canada had left international hockey in 1970. This series, known as the
Summit Series, was a chance to see how the NHL players would fare. In eight games (four in Canada, four in the USSR), the teams were close, and it took until the final 34 seconds of the eighth game for Canada to win the series, four games to three, with one tie. At the
1980 Winter Olympics, the Soviets also had one of their most notable losses. Playing the
United States in the medal round, the Soviets lost 4–3. This match, later dubbed the
Miracle on Ice, was notable because it had the Soviets, recognized as the top international team in the world, against an American team composed largely of university-level players. The Americans would go on to win the gold medal in the
tournament, while the Soviets finished with the silver, only the second time they failed to win gold at the Olympics since their debut in 1956. The reforms of the 1980s in the Soviet Union had a detrimental effect on the national team. No longer afraid to speak out against their treatment, players like
Viacheslav Fetisov and
Igor Larionov openly critiqued the management style of their coach,
Viktor Tikhonov, which included being secluded in a military-style barracks for eleven months of the year. They also sought the chance to move to North America and play in the NHL, though the authorities were reluctant to allow this. Negotiations with the NHL began in the late 1980s over this, and in 1989 several players, including both Fetisov and Larionov, were permitted to leave the Soviet Union and join NHL teams.
Yuri Korolev was head of the research group for the national men's team from 1964 to 1992, and contributed to the team winning seventeen Ice Hockey World Championships and seven Winter Olympic Games gold medals. Journalist
Vsevolod Kukushkin traveled with the national team as both a reporter and an English to Russian
translator. He had access to the team's locker room and the opportunity to speak directly with the players and be part of their daily life. In his 2016 book
The Red Machine, Kukushkin reported that the nickname for the Soviet national team came into usage during the 1983
Super Series, when a headline in a
Minneapolis newspaper headline read "The Red Machine rolled down on us".
Amateur status of players The Soviet team was populated with amateur players who were primarily full-time athletes hired as regular workers of a company (
aircraft industry,
food workers,
tractor industry) or organization (
KGB,
Red Army,
Soviet Air Force) that sponsored what would be presented as an after-hours
social sports society hockey team for their workers in order to keep their amateur status. However, these players spent all their working hours practicing or training instead of doing their purported industry jobs. By the 1970s, several national hockey federations, such as Canada, protested the use of the amateur status for players of Eastern Bloc teams and even withdrew from the 1972 and 1976 Winter Games in protest. Until 1977, professional players were not able to participate in the World Championship, and it was not until 1988 that they could play in the Winter Olympics. Starting in 1989, Soviet players were permitted to join the NHL, but NHL teams would not release their players to participate in the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics. The 1998 Winter Olympics was the first time that the NHL took a break to allow active players to participate. ==Statistics==