St Ives has elected MPs to every Parliament since 1558, except for a brief period during the
Protectorate. It was originally a mere
parliamentary borough that returned two MPs until the
Great Reform Act 1832, when its representation was cut to a single member. In 1885 the borough was abolished, but the St Ives name was transferred to the surrounding
county constituency.
St Ives borough The borough established under
Queen Mary consisted of the parish of
St Ives in western
Cornwall, a seaport and market town in which the main economic interests were fishing and the export of ores mined nearby. In 1831, the population of the borough was 4,776, and contained 1,002 houses. The franchise was initially restricted to the town corporation, but after a judgment in a disputed election in 1702 the right to vote was given to all inhabitants paying
scot and lot; in the early 19th century this amounted to a little over 300 voters. This was a wide franchise for the period, and its reasonable size meant that St Ives was one of the few Cornish boroughs that could claim not to be
rotten. Elections were usually contested. Local wealthiest families were able to exercise considerable influence on the outcome yet none was predominant. The result could rarely be taken for granted and it was necessary to court the voters assiduously. From the 17th century were three such families from the first: the
Hobart family, the
Praeds (at the time of Treventhoe manor), and the
Dukes of Bolton (the Paulet family) – to which added by the mid 18th century the Stephens family. In 1751, however, John Stephens, who had previously allied himself with the Earl of Buckinghamshire (a Hobart) and managed the borough's elections on his behalf, "struck out on his own account" (defected independently) and secured the election of his son. Later in the decade Stephens and the Earl once more began to work together, but were unable to prevent Humphrey Mackworth Praed from establishing sufficient influence to sway one of the two seats. By 1761 alliances coalesced, the Earl and Praed on one side nominating candidates against Stephens and the Duke of Bolton on the other. The by-election in 1763, when Buckinghamshire's brother-in-law
Charles Hotham was re-elected after being appointed to a position in the Royal Household, cost the Earl £1,175 including 7 guineas each to 124 people, resulting in an uncontested election. There was a further bitterly contested election in 1774: allegations of bribery were investigated by a House of Commons committee, whose proceedings are recounted at length by the contemporary historian of electoral abuses, Thomas Oldfield.
Samuel Stephens, defeated by 7 votes, accused
William Praed and
Adam Drummond (the Duke of Bolton's candidate) of benefiting from several types of corruption. Humphrey Mackworth Praed, William's father, was said to have lent large sums to voters on the understanding that repayment would not be demanded if they voted for Praed and Drummond; but opposing
counsel adduced evidence that Stephens had also resorted to bribery. However, it was alleged that many of Stephens' supporters had been prevented from voting, by rating them as not liable for scot and lot and so not eligible to vote; this disenfranchisement was a frequent abuse in such boroughs. His side, as petitioners, failed to bring any evidence of criminal misconduct by the parish overseers so the committee decided they had no jurisdiction to interfere. In the end, the committee upheld Drummond's election and declared that neither Stephens nor Praed had been properly elected, thus a writ was issued for a by-election to fill the second seat. The cost of electioneering in St Ives seems eventually to have led to Buckinghamshire and Bolton withdrawing, and by 1784 Praed was considered unchallenged as patron. Nevertheless, Stephens' influence was not extinguished, and it was recorded that the patrons at the time of the
Reform Act were
Samuel Stephens of Tregarron and
Sir Christopher Hawkins of Trewithan (who had purchased the manor of Mr Praed). The Reform Act 1832 extended the boundaries, bringing in the neighbouring parishes of
Lelant and
Towednack and reduced the two St Ives seats to one. A new high of 584 voters qualified at the first reformed election,
that of 1832. On extension of the franchise in 1868 of the "
Second Reform Act", the electorate never passed 1,500, and had fallen to barely 1,000 by the
Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, the cornerstone of the third reform legislation, under which the "borough" for its parliamentary definition was abolished
that year, the area becoming contributory to a larger county division.
St Ives county constituency 1885–1918 Division of counties into single-member constituencies was effected in 1885: Cornwall having six. The westernmost of these, in which St Ives stood, was formally
The Western or St Ives Division of Cornwall but was most often referred to simply as
St Ives or as
West Cornwall. This area included
Penzance,
Paul,
Ludgvan and
St Just, and stretched not only from
Land's End to
St Erth but also included the
Isles of Scilly. This
duchy seat was abnormally low in owner-occupiers, with many "
nonconformist" Christians and the
Conservatives were consequently very weak. However, local sentiment was strongly against
Irish Home Rule or independence, seen as a particular threat to the livelihood of the fishermen and other maritime employees who made up much of the electorate, and St Ives therefore became a
Liberal Unionist stronghold from 1886.
1918–present After the boundary revisions introduced at the
general election of 1918, which brought in most of the villages on the
Lizard Peninsula (though not
Helston), the constituency was simply called
Cornwall, St Ives. It underwent further boundary changes in 1950, bringing
Helston into the constituency, and in 1983, when it was extended to include all of the
Penwith local government district. The character of the constituency was little changed by any of these revisions, but party loyalties may have been disrupted by the 1918 changes.
Labour put up a candidate for the first time in 1918, and took more than a third of the vote; at the next election, with Labour withdrawing and the Irish issue no longer able to help
Cory, a Conservative was elected for the first time. For the next decade St Ives was a Conservative-Liberal marginal, changing hands four times in the 1920s. However, the formal split of
National Liberals from the Liberals offered a popular compromise which suited the voters, so much so as to be a
safe seat, and later for Conservatives when the National Liberals finally merged with them in the 1960s, until the formation of the
Liberal Democrats re-invigorated the competition in the 1990s. Having contested the seat in
1992 and reduced the Conservative majority to 2.8%,
Andrew George captured the seat in
1997 for the Liberal Democrats after the retirement of the sitting Conservative MP,
David Harris. George took
over half the vote in both
2001 and
2005, but his majority was reduced in
2010, before he lost the seat to Conservative
Derek Thomas in
2015. Having unsuccessfully attempted to recapture the constituency in
2017 and
2019, Andrew George won comfortably at the
2024 general election – the ninth time he had contested the seat over a period of 32 years.
Prominent members 1885–date Walter Runciman held the most senior positions in Education, Agriculture and Trade taking together the period from 1908 until 1916 during the
Asquith ministry. He was later re-appointed as the most senior minister in Trade from 1931 to 1937 in the all-party
National Coalition Government. Sir
John Nott also held the most senior position in the Trade department before becoming
Secretary of State for Defence, including during the
Argentine invasion of the
Falkland Islands and the ensuing
Falklands War. His assertion that he was cutting the defence budget before the war was not capricious and he offered his resignation to
Margaret Thatcher, however she kept him for the duration of the conflict and he stood down in 1983.
Usual late count in modern elections At general elections, the constituency is usually one of the last to declare a result – the delay in bringing the ballot boxes over from the
Isles of Scilly means that counting does not begin until the following day. In the 2015 general election it was the last constituency in the United Kingdom to declare, because the ballot boxes were flown in from the Isles of Scilly only on the first scheduled flight the following morning, having been kept in police cells overnight on
St Mary's, with the declaration taking place at 15:30 on Friday afternoon. However, in 1987 and 1992 the constituency did count during the night rather than the next day. The seat was declared at about 1:30 am in 1987 and about 3:45 am in 1992. In 2019 it was planned to fly the ballot boxes in overnight, but bad weather prevented this and the seat was the last to declare in the UK. ==Boundaries==