States Assembly

Establishment The legislature derives its name from the estates (French: états) of the Crown (represented by the Bailiff and Jurats), the Church (the rectors of the parishes) and the people (represented by the connétables) from whom the Assembly was originally summoned. Today, the three estates still exist; however, all three now represent the island population (through the island, the parishes and their districts). Jersey's political history begins as part of the Duchy of Normandy. However, when the King of France stripped King John of England of the title ‘Duke of Normandy’, the people of Jersey and the other Channel Islands rebelled against the French king, maintaining the sovereignty of the 'rightful' duke. In 1259, Henry III signed the Treaty of Paris, resigning his claim to the Duchy of Normandy except the Channel Islands. The Channel Islands were not absorbed into the Kingdom of England but two offices were appointed; the Warden (the Monarch's representative) and the Bailiff. Other sources state that the Bailiff was in fact appointed initially by the Warden in 1235. The existing Norman customs and laws were allowed to continue and there was no attempt to introduce English law. The formerly split administrative system was replaced with a centralised legal system (the basis of the 'States'), of which the head was the King of England rather than the Duke of Normandy. The law was conducted through 12 jurats, constables (connétable) and a bailiff (Baillé). The role of the Jurats when the King's court was mobile would have been preparatory work for the visit of the Justices in Eyre. It is unknown for how long the position of the Jurats has existed, with some claiming the position dates to time immemorial. After the cessation of the visits of the Justices in Eyre (and with the frequent absence of the Warden), the Bailiff and Jurats took on a much wider role, from jury to justice. In 1541, the Privy Council, which had recently given a seat to Calais, intended to give two seats in Parliament to Jersey. Seymour, the Lieutenant-Governor, wrote to the Jurats, instructing them to send two Burgesses for the isle. However, no further steps seemed to have been taken since the letter did not arrive in front of the States Assembly until the day the elected persons were required to arrive in London. • Jurats were removed for the States Assembly and their responsibilities were limited to judicial matters in the Royal Court. • Senators were introduced, with 12 elected on an island-wide basis. Initially, they served 9-year terms, later reduced to 6 years. • Rectors, with the exception of the Dean of Jersey (who is Rector of St. Helier) ceased to the members of the Assembly. The Dean remained in the Assembly, but no longer had a right to vote. • The number of Deputies was increased. The Assembly's working language changed from French to English during the 20th century. English was permitted in the Chamber from 1900. Legislation started to be written in English from 1945. Reform in the 21st century In 2000, a review panel led by Sir Cecil Clothier proposed a series of significant political and constitutional reforms. Key recommendations included the following: • All members of the Assembly would be elected on a single day, replacing the staggered election schedule for Senators, Deputies, Connétables. • The position of Senator would be abolished. • Connétables would no longer serve as ex officio members of the Assembly • The Assembly would consist of 42–44 members, all holding the title 'Member of the States of Jersey' • The 24 States committees would be replaced by a ministerial system, with ministers heading seven departments. A Chief Minister and Council of Ministers would be appointed by the Assembly. • Proceedings of the Assembly would be recorded and published as a Hansard report. • The Bailiff would no longer preside over the States Assembly, which would elect its own speaker. • An Ombudsman would replace the States of Jersey Complaints Panel. The proposals to remove Connétables and the Bailiff from the Assembly faced political opposition and were not implemented. Nor has an Ombudsperson been created. A ministerial system was introduced be States of Jersey Law 2005. The Law also removed the Bailiff's power of 'dissent' and casting vote, along with the Lieutenant Governor's veto power. In response to criticisms of the system of ministerial government, the Assembly established an independent electoral commission in 2011 to review the structure of the Assembly. The Commission proposed reducing the number of members to 42, dividing the island into six electoral districts with seven Deputies, and that holding a referendum on whether the Connétables should remain in the Assembly. A referendum was held in 2014, in which a large majority voted to keep Connétables in the States. The 2022 general election was the first under the new electoral system of 37 elected Deputies and 12 Connétables. ==The States Building==

The States Building sits on the southern side of the Royal Square in St Helier. As well as the chamber, it includes committee rooms and facilities for members. It is part of a complex comprising the Royal Court, Bailiff's Chambers and Judicial Greffe. Until 1887, the States had no meeting place of their own. They used to meet in the Royal Court on the Royal Square. The present chamber was opened in 1887, after a proposition was lodged au Greffe eleven years earlier providing for the establishment of a States Room above the Royal Court extension. The development and construction of the chamber were symbolic of the Assembly's increasing prominence and independence, and of Jersey's growing autonomy. • The initial members' seating arrangements were, from the point of view of the president: Jurats to sit on the left, Rectors to sit on the right and Deputies in the centre. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the States met online using Microsoft Teams and in a socially distanced setting at Fort Regent. == Composition ==

The States Assembly consists of 49 elected members for 4-year terms • 37 deputies • 12 Connétables There are also several non-elected members, with limited powers. Deputies The island is divided into nine constituencies, returning between 3 and 5 Deputies. Connétables Each of the 12 parishes elects as Connétable as its civic head. By reason of this office, they are ex officio members of the Assembly. Elections are on a first-past-the-post for a four-year term. Where running unopposed, prospective and incumbent Connétables must run against a None of the Above option. Collectively, they form the Comité des Connétables. • the Bailiff –who is the President (presiding officer); in his absence, the Deputy Bailiff or the Greffier, Deputy Greffier or an elected member presides • the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey–who regularly attends the States but by convention only speaks at the ceremonial sittings marking his appointment and leaving office • the Dean of Jersey–who conducts the opening prayers in French at every sitting and who may speak on any issue • the Attorney General–the principal legal adviser to the States who may be called on to provide legal advice during sittings • the Solicitor General–the Attorney General's deputy. The clerk of the Assembly is known as the Greffier of the States. The Viscount is the executive officer of the States (but is no longer a member of the Assembly). ==Executive functions==

Since the creation of ministerial government in 2005, the States Assembly does not have executive powers. Under the States of Jersey Law 2005, a Council of Ministers is selected from the States Assembly, whose members are the chief minister and at least seven ministers. The executive arm of government is the Government of Jersey. ==Legislative functions==

A main type of legislation made by the States is known in English simply as a 'Law', and in French as a Loi (not an 'Act' as in the United Kingdom—in Jersey an Act or Acte of the States is an administrative enactment and may be in the nature of secondary legislation). After a Law is adopted by the States it is reviewed by the UK Ministry of Justice, then must receive royal assent and be registered with the Royal Court of Jersey before it is 'passed'. Concerns have been raised about the adequacy of legislative scrutiny within the Assembly. In 2013, the Electoral Commission highlighted that most primary legislation was passed with minimal parliamentary examination, describing this as a 'serious democratic deficit'. Similarly, in 2014, the then Bailiff observed that detailed legislative provisions often did not receive the level of scrutiny that would be ideal. Further analysis in 2017 by the Assembly's Privileges and Procedures Committee (PPC) revealed that only 19% of the Assembly's time in 2016 was devoted to legislative matters, including debates on both the general principles and detailed articles of proposed laws. The PPC also noted that draft legislation was rarely reviewed by scrutiny panels. In 2021, the PPC acknowledged some improvements, stating that legislative scrutiny had become a more regular part of the Assembly's work. However, they pointed out that progress continued to be hindered by limited time and insufficient expertise. == Scrutiny functions ==

Members of the Assembly are responsible for scrutinising the work of the Council of Ministers, ministers and their departments. Under the Assembly's standing orders, there are five permanent Scrutiny panels of backbench members: • Economic & International Affairs • Environment, Housing & Infrastructure • Corporate Services • Children, Education & Home Affairs • Health & Social Security Temporary 'Review Panels' may also be established to examine specific issues, for example: Brexit, Future Hospital, Care of Children in Jersey, Gender Pay Gap, Legal Aid, One Government, The Transfer of the Ambulance Service and CAMHS, Government Plan, Government Plan Efficiencies, Safer Travel Guidelines, and Migration and Population. A Public Accounts Committee (PAC), which includes external expert members, scrutinises the spending of public finances. The real utility of the panels is said to be "that of independent critique which holds ministers to account and constructively engages with policy which is deficient". In May 2022, the Privileges & Procedures Committee published an updated assessment of how the island meets the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association's benchmarks for democratic legislatures. It reported that Jersey did not comply with the following benchmarks related to oversight of human rights: • The oversight authority of the national Legislature shall include effective oversight of compliance with international treaties and obligations, including international human right instruments ... • The Legislature shall establish a Human Rights Commission, or similar office, with the mandate to protect against human rights violations. ==Voter turnout==

Jersey has the lowest voter turnout of OECD countries. Turnout at Jersey's 2022 election was just 41.7% – the third lowest figure in the last 30 years. ==Broadcasting and webcasting==

Since 1986, BBC Radio Jersey broadcasts the main States sittings live. In 2015, cameras were installed in the States Chamber to provide a live and on-demand video stream through the States Assembly website. ==See also==