King William III and Queen Mary II Kensington Palace was originally a two-storey
Jacobean mansion built by Sir George Coppin in 1605 in the village of Kensington. Shortly after
William and
Mary assumed the throne as joint monarchs in 1689, they began searching for a residence better suited for the comfort of the asthmatic William.
Whitehall Palace was too near the
River Thames, with its fog and floods, for William's fragile health. In the summer of 1689, William and Mary bought the property, then known as Nottingham House, from the
Secretary of State Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, 7th Earl of Winchilsea, for £20,000. They instructed Sir
Christopher Wren,
Surveyor of the King's Works, to begin an immediate expansion of the house. In order to save time and money, Wren kept the structure intact and added a three-storey pavilion at each of the four corners, providing more accommodation for the King and Queen and their attendants. The Queen's Apartments were in the north-west pavilion and the King's in the south-east. The royal court took residence in the palace shortly before Christmas 1689. For the next seventy years, Kensington Palace was the favoured residence of British monarchs, although the official seat of the Court was and remains at
St. James's Palace, which has not been the actual royal residence in London since the 17th century. Additional improvements soon after included Queen Mary's extension of her apartments, by building the Queen's Gallery. After a fire in 1691, the King's Staircase was rebuilt in marble and a Guard Chamber was constructed, facing the foot of the stairs. William had constructed the South Front, to the design of
Nicholas Hawksmoor, which included the Kings' Gallery where he hung many works from his picture collection. Mary II died of smallpox in the palace in 1694. In 1702, William suffered a fall from a horse at
Hampton Court and was brought to Kensington Palace, where he died shortly afterwards from
pneumonia.
Queen Anne After William III's death, the palace became the residence of
Queen Anne. She had Christopher Wren complete the extensions that William and Mary had begun, resulting in the section known as the Queen's Apartments, with the Queen's Entrance, and the plainly decorated Wren designed staircase, that featured shallow steps so that Anne could walk down gracefully. These were primarily used by the Queen to give access between the private apartments and gardens. Queen Anne's most notable contribution to the palace were the gardens. She commissioned the Hawksmoor-designed
Orangery, modified by
John Vanbrugh, that was built for her in 1704. The level of decoration of the interior, including carved detail by
Grinling Gibbons, reflects its intended use, not just as a greenhouse, but as a place for entertaining. A magnificent baroque
parterre, with sections of clipped scrolling designs punctuated by trees formally clipped into cones, was laid out by
Henry Wise, the royal gardener. Kensington Palace was the setting of the final argument between
Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, and Queen Anne. The Duchess, who was known for being outspoken and manipulative, was jealous of the attention the Queen was giving to
Abigail Masham, Baroness Masham. Along with the previous insensitive acts of the Duchess after the death of Anne's husband,
Prince George of Denmark, who had died at Kensington Palace in October 1708, their friendship came to an abrupt end on 6 April 1710, with the two seeing each other for the last time after an argument in the Queen's Closet. Queen Anne died at Kensington Palace on 1 August 1714.
King George I and King George II George I spent lavishly on new royal apartments, creating three new state rooms known as the Privy Chamber, the Cupola Room and the Withdrawing Room. He hired the unknown
William Kent in 1722 to decorate the state rooms, which he did with elaborately painted
trompe-l'œil ceilings and walls. The Cupola Room was Kent's first commission for the King. The octagonal coffering in the domed ceiling was painted in gold and blue, and terminated in a flat panel decorated with the Star of the
Order of the Garter. The walls and woodwork were painted brown and gold to contrast with the white marble pilasters, doorways and niches which were surmounted with gilded statuary. George I was pleased with his work, and between 1722, and 1727, Kent oversaw the decoration and picture hanging for all of the royal apartments at Kensington Palace. Kent's final commission was the King's Grand Staircase which he painted with 45 intriguing courtiers from the Georgian court, including the King's Turkish servants Mahomet and Mustapha,
Peter 'the wild boy', as well as himself along with his mistress. King George I enlarged the palace with the addition of an apartment, built on the north-west side, to house his mistress,
Melusine von der Schulenburg, Duchess of Kendal. The last reigning monarch to use Kensington Palace was
George II, who did not undertake any major structural changes to the palace during his reign, and left the running of the palace to his wife
Caroline of Ansbach. At the request of the Queen,
Charles Bridgeman, successor to Henry Wise as royal gardener, swept away the outmoded parterres and redesigned
Kensington Gardens in a form that is still recognisable today: his remaining features are
the Serpentine, the basin called the Round Pond, and the Broad Walk. After the death of his wife, George II neglected many rooms and the palace fell into disrepair. King George II died at Kensington Palace on 25 October 1760.
Notable palace residents 19th century With the accession of
George III in 1760, Kensington Palace was only used for minor royalty. The sixth son of George III,
Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, was allocated apartments in the south-west corner of Kensington Palace in 1805 known as Apartment 1. He was interested in the arts and science and amassed a huge library that filled ten rooms and comprised over fifty thousand volumes. He had a large number of clocks, and a variety of singing birds that were free to fly around his apartments. He was elected as president of the
Royal Society and gave receptions in his apartments at Kensington Palace to men of science. The expense they incurred induced him to resign the presidency, as he preferred to employ the money in making additions to his library. The Duke of Sussex caused quite a scandal when he married twice in contravention of the
Royal Marriages Act 1772, because it had not been approved by the King. His second wife,
Cecilia Underwood, Duchess of Inverness, was never titled or recognised as the Duchess of Sussex. However, she was created Duchess of Inverness in her own right in 1840. The Duke died at Kensington Palace in 1843. As he had lived beyond his means and amassed substantial debts, his possessions, including the library, were sold after his death. The Duchess of Inverness continued to reside at Kensington Palace until her death in 1873.
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III, was allocated two floors of rooms in the south-east corner of the palace, below the State Apartments, which he renovated for his use. The apartments were next to his near-blind sister
Princess Sophia. His daughter,
Alexandrina Victoria, was born on 24 May 1819, and her christening conducted in the Cupola Room the following month. The Duke of Kent and Strathearn died nine months after the birth of his daughter. She grew up in the confines of the palace in an unhappy and lonely childhood as a result of the
Kensington System adopted by her mother,
Victoria, Duchess of Kent, and the domineering Sir
John Conroy, her mother's comptroller of the household. Louise's younger sister,
Princess Beatrice, was given by Queen Victoria the apartments once occupied by the Queen and her mother below the State Apartments.
20th century , by
Henry Rushbury During
World War I,
George V allowed a number of rooms in the palace to be used by those working for Irish POWs and Irish soldiers at the front, and decreed that its royal inhabitants adhere to the same rations as everyone else. The royal inhabitants now included
Princess Helena, Duchess of Albany;
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone; and
Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone. In 1921, upon widowhood,
Victoria, Marchioness of Milford Haven, moved into a grace-and-favour apartment at Kensington Palace. During this period, her grandson,
Prince Philip, lived with her at times as she was in charge of his education. As a result of the number of royal relatives residing there during the 1920s and 1930s,
Edward VIII called the palace "the aunt heap". Kensington Palace was severely damaged during
the Blitz of 1940. On 14 October it was hit by an incendiary bomb that exploded in the north side of Clock Court, damaging many of the surrounding buildings including the State Apartments, particularly the Queen's Apartments, as well as several grace-and-favour apartments of various courtiers and members of the extended Royal Family, including those of
Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone (No. 4), the Keppels (No. 5), The Dowager Marchioness of Milford Haven (No. 7), Lady Patricia Ramsay (No. 8) and Lady Bertha Dawkins (No. 9). In 1960, Kensington Palace was under the auspices of the
Ministry of Works. The renovation had to be carried out under the strictest of budgets, with the eventual costs coming in at £85,000, approximately £1.5 million today. By 1962, the whole interior had been gutted. All the floors, except the attic floor, were removed to deal with rising damp. The resulting modern apartment consisted of the main reception rooms, three principal bedrooms and dressing rooms, three principal bathrooms, the nursery accommodation, nine staff bedrooms, four staff bathrooms, two staff kitchens and two staff sitting rooms. Twenty ancillary rooms included a linen store, a luggage room, a drying room, a glass pantry and a photographic dark room for Lord Snowdon. The house in 18th century style, had a modern colour palette, with the bold use of colours including Margaret's favourites, pink and kingfisher blue. The house was largely designed by Snowdon and Princess Margaret with the assistance of the theatre designer
Carl Toms, one-time assistant to
Oliver Messel, Lord Snowdon's uncle, and a close friend of the royal couple. The royal couple moved into Apartment 1A on 4 March 1963, prior to the birth of their daughter,
Lady Sarah, who was born at the palace the following year.
Prince and
Princess Richard of Gloucester, later Duke and Duchess of Gloucester, moved into Apartment 1 after their marriage in 1972, the 21-room house previously occupied by Princess Marina, where they subsequently raised their three children. In 1994, after the Gloucesters had to give up their country home,
Barnwell Manor, for financial reasons, they moved the Duke's aged mother
Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, from Barnwell to Kensington Palace where she died in her sleep on 29 October 2004 at age 102. She holds the record as the
oldest person in the history of the British royal family. The Queen gave the keys to the five-bedroom, five-reception grace-and-favour Apartment 10 to
Prince and
Princess Michael of Kent on the occasion of their marriage in 1978. It was announced that from 2010, that Prince and Princess Michael would begin paying rent of £120,000 a year out of their own funds to continue living in the apartment. In 1996,
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and his wife
Katharine moved into
Wren House on the Kensington Palace estate. In 1981, in the part of the palace that King
George I had built for his mistress, the
Duchess of Kendal, Apartments 8 and 9 were combined to create the London residence of the newly married
Prince of Wales and his wife,
Diana, Princess of Wales. It remained the official residence of the Princess after their divorce until her death. Her sons, Princes
William and
Harry, were raised in Kensington Palace and went to local nursery and pre-preparatory schools in
Notting Hill, which is a short drive away. According to
Andrew Morton, the palace was a "children's paradise" with its long passageways, a helicopter pad, and many outdoor gardens, including one on the roof where the family spent many hours. Several notable courtiers live or have lived at The Old Barracks building, on the southern end of the palace. Notable residents include:
Paul Burrell, Princess Diana's butler; Sir Miles Hunt-Davies, Private Secretary to
Prince Philip;
Lady Jane Fellowes, Diana's sister, and her husband
Robert Fellowes, Baron Fellowes, Private Secretary to the Queen. Diana's
interview with Martin Bashir for the BBC's
Panorama programme was recorded in Diana's sitting room at the palace. In February 1987, a thief wearing a ski mask hit police guards with a hammer while in the gardens but did not get inside the palace, where Prince Charles, Diana and other royals were sleeping. Upon Diana's death on 31 August 1997, the gates at Kensington Palace became the focus of public mourning with over one million bouquets, reaching deep in places, placed as tribute before them stretching out into Kensington Gardens. The Princess's coffin spent its last night in London at the palace. On the morning of 6 September 1997, a tenor bell signalled the departure of the funeral cortège carrying the coffin from the palace on a
gun carriage to
Westminster Abbey for the ceremony. Her residence was stripped bare and lay vacant for 10 years after her death. It was split back into two apartments, with Apartment 8 being used by four of Charles's charities and Apartment 9 becoming home to the
Chief of the Defence Staff.
21st century and
Prince Harry during a visit from President
Barack Obama and First Lady
Michelle Obama Following their marriage in 2011, the then-Duke and
Duchess of Cambridge used
Nottingham Cottage as their London residence. They then moved into the four-storey, 20-room Apartment 1A, the former residence of Princess Margaret, in 2013. Renovations took 18 months at a cost of £4.5 million, including new heating, electrics and plastering, and the removal of asbestos that required nearly everything to be stripped out internally, as well as a new roof. Kensington Palace became the Duke and Duchess's main residence in 2017, moving from their country home,
Anmer Hall. The apartment covers four storeys, with three bedrooms, two nurseries and five reception rooms. In 2016, Diana's former residence, Apartment 8, was turned into office space for the couple's staff, official duties and charity work. The Duke and Duchess have hosted multiple engagements, receptions, and meetings at the palace. On 28 March 2012, it was announced that Prince Harry had moved his residence from
Clarence House to a one-bedroom apartment at Kensington Palace. From 2013, he resided at Nottingham Cottage. The
Duke and
Duchess of Sussex continued to live at the property until the birth of their son in spring 2019. In April 2018,
Princess Eugenie moved from
St James's Palace into
Ivy Cottage at Kensington Palace. She lived there with her husband
Jack Brooksbank until November 2020. In September 2019, the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester, previously residents of Apartment 1, moved to the Old Stables, a smaller home located within the palace's estate. In summer 2022, the Prince and Princess of Wales moved their family residence to
Adelaide Cottage near
Windsor Castle. Kensington Palace remains their official London residence as well as the location of their household and offices. ==Interior and grounds==