From June 1939, Rowecki organised the
Warsaw Armoured Motorized Brigade (
Warszawska Brygada Pancerno-Motorowa,
7TP,
TKS tanks). On 1 September 1939 the Nazi-German Army
invaded Poland. Although Rowecki's unit did not reach full mobilization, it did, however, take part in the defense of Poland. After the Polish defeat, Rowecki managed to avoid capture and returned to
Warsaw. In October 1939, he became one of the leaders, then in 1940 commander, of the
Union of Armed Struggle (ZWZ). In 1941, Rowecki organized sabotage in the territories east of the Polish pre-war borders
Wachlarz. From 1942, he was commander of the Armia Krajowa (Home Army). As commander of the Home Army, Rowecki instituted policies favorable to Jews. In February 1943, he ordered the Home Army to help the Jewish underground seeking to mount
ghetto uprisings. In particular, Rowecki authorized aid to the Jewish underground in the
Warsaw Ghetto before and during the
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising by providing arms and mounting diversionary attacks. On 30 June 1943 he was arrested by the
Gestapo in Warsaw and sent to Berlin. Rowecki was arrested due to his betrayal by
Ludwik Kalkstein "Hanka",
Eugeniusz Świerczewski "Genes" and
Blanka Kaczorowska "Sroka" who were Gestapo agents. All of them were members of the
Home Army but in fact
collaborated with the Gestapo. Swierczewski, Kalkstein and Kaczorowska were sentenced to death for
high treason by the Secret War Tribunal of the
Polish Secret State. The sentence on Eugeniusz Swierczewski was carried out by troops commanded by
Stefan Rys ("Jozef"). Swierczewski was hanged in the basement of the house at 74 Krochmalna Street in Warsaw. Kalkstein received protection from the Gestapo and was not harmed. He fought in a
Waffen SS unit during the
Warsaw Uprising of 1944 under the name of
Konrad Stark. After the war, he worked for the
Polish Radio station in
Szczecin and was later recruited as an agent by the
Urząd Bezpieczeństwa. In 1982, he emigrated to France; he died in 1994.
Blanka Kaczorowska also survived the war. Her death sentence was not carried out because she was pregnant. After the war, she also worked as a secret agent for the Urząd Bezpieczeństwa and later for the renamed
Służba Bezpieczeństwa. She emigrated to France in 1971. She died in 2002. In Berlin he was imprisoned at
Oranienburg and was questioned by many prominent Nazi officials (including
Ernst Kaltenbrunner,
Heinrich Himmler and
Heinrich Müller). He was offered an anti-Bolshevik alliance, but refused. He was likely executed in August 1944 in
Sachsenhausen. His execution was ordered by
Heinrich Himmler. in
Warsaw There have been claims that the arrest of Rowecki on 30 June 1943 was a result of a wider intelligence operation against the
Polish Underground State with the goal of eliminating top commanders and political leaders of the Polish resistance. During the same period, the Gestapo arrested the commander of
National Armed Forces (NSZ), Colonel
Ignacy Oziewicz on 9 June 1943. On 4 July 1943, General
Władysław Sikorski died in a plane crash under mysterious circumstances. Within a period of two months, the Polish Army had lost three top commanders. ==Medals==