United Kingdom During the sectarian 40-year-long conflict in Northern Ireland known as
The Troubles, there were allegations of significant state collusion between paramilitaries and the UK government.
Italy From 1968 to 1982, Italy suffered numerous terrorist attacks by both the left and the right, which were often followed by government round-ups and mass arrests. Various parliamentary committees were held to investigate and prosecute these crimes in the 1990s. A 1995 report from the
Democratic Party of the Left (PDS), the heir of the PCI, to a subcommittee of the
Italian Parliament stated that a "strategy of tension" had been supported by the United States to "stop the PCI, and to a certain degree also the
PSI, from reaching executive power in the country". Aldo Giannuli
it], a historian who worked as a consultant to the parliamentary terrorism commission, wrote that he considered the PDS' report as dictated primarily by domestic political considerations rather than historical ones, stating: "Since they have been in power the Left Democrats have given us very little help in gaining access to security service archives. This is a falsely courageous report." Giannuli decried the fact that many more leftist terrorists were prosecuted and convicted than rightist terrorists. Ganser also alleges that Operation Gladio, an effort to organize
stay-behind guerrillas and resistance in the event of a communist takeover of Italy by the
Eastern Bloc, continued into the 1970s and supplied the far-right neo-fascist movements with weapons. Ganser's conclusions have been disputed; most notably, Ganser heavily cites the document
US Army Field Manual 30-31B, which the US state department claims is a 1976
Soviet hoax meant to discredit the US, whilst others such as
Ray S. Cline have claimed it is likely authentic and
Licio Gelli who claimed it was in fact given to him by the CIA. In a 1992
BBC documentary on Gladio titled
Operation GLADIO, the neo-fascist terrorist
Vincenzo Vinciguerra reported that the stay-behind armies really did possess this strategy, stating that the state needed those terrorist attacks for the population to willingly turn to the state and ask for security. == See also ==