Studebaker US6 2½-ton 6×6 truck

Design and development In 1939–1940, the US Army Ordnance Corps was developing tactical 6×6 trucks that could operate off-road in all weather. Studebaker, Yellow Coach (a GM company) and International Harvester all submitted designs that were accepted and went into production in 1941. More than 200,000 -ton 6×6 trucks and similar 6×4 versions in 13 variations were built. Studebaker was the primary manufacturer, which built 197,678 of them at its South Bend, Indiana plant, while REO produced 22,204 more at its Lansing, Michigan plant from 1944 under a sub-contract. Reo trucks are identical to Studebakers, but Reo built only cargo-model trucks with the long wheelbase and without the front-mounted winch, more specifically referred to as the US6 U9. All production by both manufacturers ended in 1945. Service The US6 was manufactured primarily for export under Lend-Lease. The Soviet Union would become the largest foreign operator. The first Studebaker US6 trucks arrived in the USSR in the autumn of 1941. The Red Army organized a test of eleven 6×6 US6 trucks which took place between July 1942 and May 1943. The results were used to direct the enlargement of the payload from . In 1945, it was lowered to , although on improved roads they could carry up to a maximum of . Large numbers of Studebaker US6 trucks were supplied to the Soviet Union via the Persian Corridor in Iran under the US's Lend-Lease program. The truck fulfilled many important roles in service with Soviet military forces during the war, such as towing artillery pieces and anti-tank guns and transporting troops over long distances. It was renowned for its overall ruggedness and reliability, including its ability to run on poor-quality fuel. The Soviet Red Army also found them to be a suitable platform for conversion into Katyusha rocket launchers, although this was not their main purpose. The truck became affectionately known as the Studer by Soviet troops and was even recognized of its importance (to the Soviet war effort) by Joseph Stalin, who sent a personal letter of appreciation to Studebaker, in which he thanked it for the superb quality of the US6 for Soviet service. Studebaker US6 trucks were also used by the US military in the construction of the Ledo Road in Burma, and the Alcan Highway in North America, during WWII. ==Specifications==

Engine and driveline The US6 used a Hercules JXD engine, with a L-head inline 6 cylinder gasoline engine developing at 2,800 rpm and of torque at 1,150 rpm. A conservative-type and highly-reliable engine with a compression ratio of only 5.82:1, it could use 68-octane gasoline. This same engine was also used in the M3 Scout Car and, later, M8 Greyhound and M20 armoured cars (the latter was a variant (lacking the gun turret) of the M8 Greyhound). The Warner T 93 5-speed transmission had a very low first, a direct fourth and an overdrive fifth gear. A power take-off could be fitted to operate a winch (mounted just below in front of the radiator) and/or the hydraulic hoist on dump trucks. The Timken T-79 transfer case had high and low ranges, a neutral position and could either engage or disengage the front axle. There was one output shaft mounted forward to the front axle (not used in 6×4 trucks) and two to the rear, with one for each rear axle. Both front and rear axles were of the Timken split-type with a ratio of 6.6:1. The front axle had ball-type constant-velocity joints while the two at the rear were full-floating. Chassis The US6 had a ladder frame with three beam axles, the front on semi elliptical leaf springs, the rear tandem on quarter elliptical leaf springs with locating arms. There were two wheelbases, the short , used in semi tractors, dump trucks, and short cargo models, and the long , used in tankers, long cargo models, and the U9 chassis cab. All models had 7.50-20" tires and dual rear tires. 6×4 models, intended for on-road use only, were rated at , twice the 6×6's off-road rating. Cab The US6 carried the design of Studebaker's M series civilian truck cab, although it was modified for military use. Studebaker trucks were different from other 6×6 trucks built for the war effort of the UA because vent windows were included in each door. These vent windows were separate from the main window that rolled down into the door-frame and could be swung out to help with the truck cab's ventilation. Studebaker also designed the open-type military truck cab which was featured on the GMC CCKW (later models), but their major customer, the USSR, preferred the closed cab for their generally harsh (cold-weather) climate. While Studebaker's open-type truck cab became the American standard, production of the US6 with the closed-type truck cab was restarted after only 10,000 units of the former. ==Models==

File:US6 Cargo U2.jpg|Cargo U4 File:US6 Tanker U5.jpg|Tank U5 File:US6 Tractor U6.jpg|Tractor U6 File:US6 Dump U11.jpg|Dump U11 File:US6 Dump U13.jpg|Dump U13 The U1 and the U2 cargo trucks (which had a frontally-mounted winch) had a short wheelbase and the spare tire was mounted behind the cab, thus allowing a truck-bed measuring only long. These "prime mover"-style bodies were not a success as the US6 was to be mainly used for transporting cargo. The U3/U4 and the 6×4 U7/U8 cargo trucks had a longer wheelbase, which allowed the spare tire to be mounted under the truck-bed. 197,000 trucks with the truck-bed were built. The U5 tank truck had a long wheelbase and a two-compartment tank mounted on the truck-bed. Tanker trucks were not equipped with winches. The 6×4 U6 semi-tractor was the only semi-tractor version in the entire US6 truck series. Semi-tractors have limited off-road performance and, therefore, the U6 was rated for a 5-ton load on improved roads. For this same reason, they had no frontally-mounted winch. The U9 cargo truck had a long wheelbase and lacked a frontally-mounted winch. The Soviet Katyusha multiple rocket launcher could be mounted on their truck-beds The U10/U11 (end-type) and the U12/U13 (side-type) dump trucks had a short wheelbase. Both types had the dump-body mounted on a sub-frame at the rear of the truck, with the end-type dump having a hydraulic cylinder attached to the chassis with a lever arrangement while the side-type dump had the hydraulic cylinder mounted directly to the truck body. ==Dimensions==

File:Military Vehicles (2621947332).jpg|Cargo truck(Privately owned and fully restored) File:Bundesarchiv Bild 204-018, Berlin, Henryk Gorovits neben russischem LKW.jpg|Cargo truck(in Berlin, May 1945) File:Studebaker US6 in Techical museum Togliatti.JPG|Cargo truck(Museum exhibit) File:G-630 Tractor Studebaker US6-U6 H-384605 pic1.JPG|Tractor-semitrailer(Museum exhibit) File:Near East Iran - truck convoy of US supplies for USSR - NARA - 195340.jpg|Tractor-semitrailers(along the Persian Corridor, some time in 1943) File:Verkhnyaya Pyshma Tank Museum 2011 029.jpg|Katyusha mobile-type multiple rocket launcher (Museum exhibit) File:RIAN archive 303890 A battery of Katyusha during the 1941-1945 Great Patriotic War.jpg|A battery of Katyusha MRLS firing(at Stalingrad, some time in 1942) ==Legacy==

Some Studebaker US6 trucks that were shipped to the Soviet Union during WWII were used by GAZ to study and built their own new post-war model based on it, the GAZ-51 truck, which would use the cab and front end of the Studebaker model, albeit in a slightly modified form. This truck would eventually undergo mass production in 1946. The construction of the Studebaker US6 also strongly influenced the construction of the postwar ZIS-151 truck, which then evolved into the ZIL-157 truck and remained in production up until 1994. The Studebaker US6 truck became a legendary vehicle with its Soviet operators at the time and was called the "King of Roads" by soldiers due to their reliability and dependability, and is still popular in Russian vehicle-collector circles and clubs. In the United States, these trucks are seen as the symbol for the Lend-Lease program to the USSR. ==See also==