Sugarloaf

The earliest record to date appears to be 12th century in Jordan, though reference to a cone of sugar is found in al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar's 9th century Arabic Al-Akhbar al-Muwaffaqiyyat. In Europe, they were made in Italy from 1470, Belgium from 1508, England from 1544, the Netherlands from 1566, Germany from 1573, and France from 1613. Instead, a dark raw sugar or muscovado, produced on the plantations by initial boilings of the fresh cane juice, was shipped in hogsheads to Europe on what was the third leg of the triangular trade. The sugarloaf was also the sign of a grocer, often found outside their premises or in the window, and sometimes found on their trade tokens. ==Process==

The raw sugar was refined by a series of boiling and filtering processes. After the final boiling, it was considered ready for granulation and was poured into a large number of inverted conical molds. These were usually made of either brown earthenware or sheet iron with an internal treatment of slip or paint respectively, and each stood in its own collecting pot. Over the next few days most of the dark syrup and noncrystalline matter drained through a small hole in the bottom of the mould into the collecting pot. To improve the whiteness of the sugar, repeated applications of either a solution of white clay or of loaf sugar dissolved in warm water was applied to the broad end of the loaf. This slowly drained through the loaf, readily uniting with any remaining molasses or other coloring matter and removing it to the collecting pot. The loaves were then tapped out of the molds, dried in a store room containing hundreds of loaves, trimmed to their final shape and wrapped, usually in blue paper to enhance their white appearance. Before use, a sugarloaf had to be cut into smaller pieces using various implements: sugar axes, sugar hammers, sugar nips, sugar choppers, sugar scrapers, etc. File:Sugar cones -b.jpg|Sugar cones, axe, saw, and nips File:Brooklyn Museum 1998.12.4 Sugar Hammer.jpg|Sugar hammer File:Zuckerbrecher um1820 Zucker-Museum.jpg|Sugar cutter File:Sugarnips62.jpg | Sugar nips File:Sugarloaf Box - Open.jpg|Sugarloaf cutting box with tools File:Zuckerschaber.jpg|Sugar scraper and nips See for more. ==Grades==

The molds, and so the sugarloaves, varied in size considerably: the larger the loaf the lower the grade of sugar. The grade determined the price, though loaves were sold by weight and the sugar refiner was taxed on the weight of sugar sold. When a new batch of raw sugar was refined, the best sugar came from the first boiling. After that, the waste and trimmings from the first boiling were returned to the beginning of the process and mixed with further raw sugar for the second boiling, and, as this was repeated to the end of the batch, subsequent boilings reduced slightly in quality. The finest of the loaves—maybe in diameter and high—were extremely expensive owing to the prolonged repeating of the whitening process, as were the somewhat larger double refined loaves from the first few boilings. Lower grades of sugar were more difficult to crystallize and so larger molds were used—usually in diameter and up to about high—with loaves weighing up to . The lowest standard refined grades were called bastards, though an even lower grade was often produced from the filtration scums, usually by a scum-boiler at his own separate premises. ==Contemporary availability==

While mostly superseded by granulated and cube sugar, sugarloaves are still produced in some countries. Moroccan sugarloaf (قالب السكر) has symbolized hospitality, generosity, and joy. In Iran, for instance, sugarloaves, (کله‌قند in Persian), are commonly available and regularly consumed. They are also particularly common in Germany, where, for instance, small loaves are a required ingredient for the traditional Christmas-season drink Feuerzangenbowle. ==See also==