Overprint

The term "surcharge" in philately describes any type of overprint that alters the price of a stamp. Surcharges raise or lower the face value of existing stamps when prices have changed too quickly to produce an appropriate new issue, or simply to use up surplus stocks. Any overprint which restates a stamp's face value in a new currency is also described as a surcharge. Stamps have occasionally been overprinted multiple times. A famous example of repeated surcharging happened during the German hyperinflation of 1921–1923. Prices rose so fast and dramatically that postage stamps which cost five or ten pfennigs in 1920 were overprinted for sale in the values of thousands, millions, and eventually billions of marks. File:UK-Stamp-1873-Pennystamp Overprinted to Halfpenny.jpg|Victoria, 1873: Penny stamp overprinted to new value of halfpenny File:Guatemala 1881 Sc17.jpg|Guatemala 1881: 1 centavo surcharge on 1/4 real File:Ceylon-UK-Stamp-1888-Double-Inverted-Surcharge.jpg|Ceylon, 1888: Stamp surcharged by a "double inverted" overprint File:Uruguay 1892 Sc100.jpg|Uruguay, 1892: 1c provisional surcharge on 20c issue of 1889–1901 File:Stamp Siberia 1919 50k.jpg|Russia, 1919: Tsarist 3-kopeck overprinted to new value of 50 kopecks for use in Siberia Image:Germany278.jpg|Germany, 1923: Five thousand mark value overprinted to two million == Commemorative overprints ==

Overprints have often been used as commemoratives, providing a faster and lower-cost alternative to designing and issuing special stamps or postmarks. The United States, which historically has issued relatively few commemorative overprints, did this in 1928 for issues celebrating Molly Pitcher and the discovery of Hawaii. British stamps heralding the 1966 FIFA World Cup were reissued after England's victory with the overprint "England Winners". Similarly, Guyana issued a set of 32 stamps showing team pictures of all the participants in the 1998 World Cup – after the tournament eight of these were reissued with an overprint announcing France's win. In some rare cases, commemorative overprints have been applied to souvenir sheets. When these postal commodities are overprinted, they are always very carefully positioned for aesthetic appeal, usually on the blank outer border ("selvage") of the paper. File:UK-Hong-Kong-Stamp-1891-Overprint 50-Year-Jubilee.jpg|Hong Kong, 1891: Definitive postage stamp overprinted to commemorate the 50th anniversary of British administration File:Molly pitcher stamp.jpg|United States, 1928: The mythic American revolutionary war hero "Molly Pitcher" was honored with an overprint. File:1935 CPA 514 Stamp of USSR sanfrancisco.jpg|Soviet Union, 1935: Aviator Sigizmund Levanevsky with red overprint for his North Pole flight, August 1935. Also includes 1 rouble surcharge. File:USSR 1945 895 1377 0.jpg|Soviet Union, 1945: Overprint marking Victory Day File:Timbre Tanger UKsurch 2-6 1957.jpg|Great Britain, 1957: For use in UK postal agencies in Morocco, commemorating the centenary of the British postal office in Tangier Stamp of Peru - 1957 - Colnect 315812 - Airline Peru Great Britain.jpeg|Peru, 1957 re-use of 1948 London Olympic stamps to commemorate Melbourne 1956 == Change of function overprints ==

Regular stamps were also overprinted to indicate exclusive usage for a special function or combination of functions; intended for airmail, official mail, newspapers, postage due, special delivery, telegraph and so on. The official stamps of some countries like Great Britain had an overprint which defined the specific official usage; for inland revenue, government parcels, office of works, military, admiralty, war tax (see below). The opposite occurs as well, in this case special function stamps are overprinted to serve as regular stamps. 1899 Malta 5s revenue stamp.jpg|Malta, 1899: 5s, 1886 issue, overprinted 'Revenue' 1900 British army telegraphs stamp.JPG|Great Britain, 1900: British 1/2d stamp overprinted 'ARMY TELEGRAPHS' Nicaragua 1901 Sc153 used.jpg|Nicaragua, 1901: A postage due stamp overprinted for use as regular stamp Briefmarken Flugpost 1918.jpg|Austria, 1918: Austro-Hungarian Empire stamps overprinted 'FLUGPOST' for airmail. Also surcharged. Stamp Soviet Union 1924 d1a.jpg|Soviet Union, 1924: regular 1918 issue overprinted 'DOPLATA' for postal duty. Also 1 kopeck surcharge. Stamp UK MEF 1942 2p.jpg|Great Britain, 1942: British 2d stamp overprinted 'M.E.F.' ('Middle Eastern Forces'), for military use File:Soviet_stamp_Talalihin.jpg|Soviet Union, 1944: regular 30-kopeck stamp overprinted "AVIAPOCHTA" for airmail, and value increased to 1 ruble == Security measures ==

Overprints have been used as security measures to deter misuse and theft. In the nineteenth century, Mexico was plagued by thefts of stamps on their way to remote post offices. To address this, stamps were shipped from Mexico City to the local districts where they were overprinted with the district name – they were not valid for postage without the overprint. In El Salvador a significant quantity of stamps was stolen from the San Salvador post office in 1874. As a result all remaining stock was officially overprinted "Contrasello" preventing usage of the non-overprinted stamps. The United States used a similar strategy to deal with thefts in Kansas and Nebraska in 1929, overprinting the current definitive issue with "Kans." and "Nebr." before they were shipped from Washington, to make it more difficult to sell stolen stamps outside the indicated state. File:Stamp Mexico 1864 1r eagle.jpg|Mexico, 1856: Guanajuato district overprint File:El Salvador 1874 type 3.jpg|El Salvador, 1874: Contrasello overprint File:1891 British Government Parcels stamps.jpg|Great Britain: Victorian stamps of 1891 overprinted for use only on government parcels File:Stamp US 1929 6c Kansas.jpg|United States, 1929: Kansas state overprint File:DBPB 1948 19 Freimarke Schwarzaufdruck.jpg|Germany, 1948: Allied control mark for Berlin postage == Colonial overprints ==

Nations overprinted stamps for use in their colonies mainly for the same reasons as for their domestic use. Due to poor planning, supply problems, faster than anticipated changing postal rates, changes in currency or other reasons they ran out of stamps, and demand had to be met. Some overprints were used to establish the first stage of postal service in a new territorial possession or colony however. If preparations had not been made, the controlling nation's regular homeland stamps would be overprinted with a local name, local currency or "abroad" indication. In a similar fashion a nation's domestic stamps may be overprinted for use in foreign post offices under that power's control. For example, from 1919 to 1922 the United States overprinted 18 postage stamps at double value and marked for its office in Shanghai, China. Italy Estero 1874 Sc10.jpg|Italy 1874: Overprinted "ESTERO" (abroad) for use in the Italian post offices abroad Austria Levant 1886 Sc14Con.jpg|Austria 1886: Local currency (para) overprint for the Austrian post offices in the Ottoman Empire, due to transition from Soldi to Piaster currency PuertoRico-Stamp-1899-PostageDue.jpg|United States, 1899: postage due stamp overprinted for use in Puerto Rico Stamp 1899 10c USopGUAM.jpg|United States, 1899: overprinted for use in Guam D-Karolinen 1900 2II.jpg|Germany, 1900: Overprinted for use in Caroline Islands PhilippineStamp-1899-$2.jpg|United States, 1903: Overprinted for use in the Philippines Stamp Syria 1923 1.50pi on 30c.jpg|France, 1923: Overprinted for use in Syria Mm-0069.jpg|India, 1937: Overprinted for use in Burma British stamp overprinted for use in Qatar 1 April 1957.jpg|Great Britain, 1957: Overprinted for use in Qatar == Provisional overprints ==

Provisional stamps are postage issue made for temporary ad hoc usage to meet demands until regular issues are reintroduced. Transitional government overprints New states or states in transition have sometimes found it necessary to recirculate stocks of stamps printed by a previous government. Some historical perspective may be gleaned from the study of such stamps: some transitional government overprints blend neatly with their predecessors' designs, while others attempt to totally obscure or even deface the older markings. In several European nations in 1944–45, Nazi occupational stamps were overprinted for the provisional governments, and those which depicted Adolf Hitler were most heavily overprinted, obliterating his face. File:Danzig75pf1920.jpg|Danzig, 1920: German Empire stamp overprinted for Free City of Danzig File:KievIIee7rub.jpg|Ukraine, 1918–1923: Kyiv trident overprint on 7 rouble Russian Imperial stamp for the Ukrainian People's Republic File:Armenia 1920 149TE5.jpg|Armenia 1920: Framed HP monogram on 10 rouble Russian Imperial stamp. This overprint type was introduced at Erivan (now Yerevan). File:Lithuanian postage stamps with overprints of Central Lithuania (Litwa Srodkowa), 1920.jpg|Lithuanian postage stamps with overprints of Central Lithuania (Środkowa Litwa), 1920 File:Irish Stamp 2 Two Pence Overprint.jpg|Ireland, 1922: British stamp overprinted for Provisional Government of the Irish Free State File:19930226 100rub Latvia Postage Stamp.jpg|Latvia, 1993: Soviet stamp overprinted for independent Latvia File:Sharjah1963-65nosheikh.jpg|The first definitive issue of postage stamps of Sharjah (UAE), 1 riyal, 1963 and 1965, with Saqr bin Sultan Al Qasimi obscured following the coup Wartime overprints During times of war, many nations have issued war tax stamps. Before new stamps could be printed, older stamps were frequently overprinted with surcharges or a simple inscription such as "War Tax". In actual combat zones, the replenishment of stamp stocks is generally low on a military's list of priorities. In contested or occupied areas, captured local stamps are often expediently overprinted by the occupying forces. File:Deutsches Reich - Belgien.jpg|Belgium, World War I: German postage stamp overprinted with "Belgium" for use during the German occupation File:Stamp Malta 1918 3p war tax.jpg|Malta, 1918: Postage stamp with wartime taxation applied File:Russia Wrangel 1921 Sc338A.jpg|Russian Civil War, Wrangel 1921: Russian Imperial stamp of 1908–1918 overprinted for the posts of Wrangel's army and civilian refugees File:StampFiume-Kupa1941Michel2.jpg|City of Fiume and environs (Fiume-Kupa), 1941: Yugoslavian stamp overprinted for the Italian occupation File:Japanese Overprint of US Phillipine Islands Stamp 1942.jpg|Philippines 1942: Japan occupation overprint of US PI stamp for the "First Anniversary of the Great East Asia War", December 8, 1942 (FD/CDS) File:Australia-Stamp-1946 BCOF Wartime Overprint.jpg|Australia, 1946: Surplus kookaburra stamp from 1937 overprinted for use by the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan == Precancels ==

Any stamp that is cancelled by postal authorities before it is sold is described as "precancelled": the precancellation mark is an overprint. This is usually only done when stamps are sold in large bulk quantities to businesses or other large organizations: the postal service will save the labor of cancelling each individual stamp by precancelling the entire purchased quantity. The overprints also help prevent theft or misuse because they usually include the name of the city or region in which they are to be used. Unlike standard cancellation marks, they usually do not give a specific date, affording the bulk purchaser time to use them at their discretion. In some situations, however, months or years may be included in the overprint to indicate an expiration. Precancels for official government use are fastidiously prepared, but other kinds are almost always "heavy cancels" which deliberately obliterate much of a stamp's design. Since the 1980s, many modern postal systems no longer use overprints to indicate bulk purchases. Bulk mail is franked using barcodes on pre-printed envelopes or on blank adhesive labels. The USPS introduced a new standard of barcode cancellation in 2011. File:StampCanadaPréoBarVictoria1870-T35i.png|Canada, 1870: Early heavy cancel for bulk purchase File:Franceprecancel5cparis1920.jpg|France, 1920: Bulk postage precancel marked for Paris File:Stamp US 1938 2c precancel.jpg|United States, 1938: Business precancel marked for New York City. == Private overprints ==

Any overprint that does not originate from a stamp-issuing authority is considered a private overprint or private cancellation. Such overprints almost always invalidate a stamp for postal use. Most countries treat unofficial overprints the same way the United States Post Office does: the USPS Domestic Mail Manual states that stamps "overprinted with an unauthorized design, message or other marking" are not valid for postage. Private overprints generally remain outside the formal realm of philately, although individual issues can achieve notoriety through their popularity or aesthetic appeal. Private overprints are typically political messages or commercial promotion, but can also originate from speculative philatelic purposes produced deliberately with a view to selling them to unsuspecting collectors. Stamps owned by commercial entities have sometimes privately overprinted the backs of their purchased stamps. These overprints are usually made as control marks or accounting information. Such overprinting does not invalidate a stamp unless it shows through the front. File:Suriname fake overprint 1873 N3.jpg|Suriname, 1873: A private speculative surcharge File:Moquette ovp NVPH7.jpg|Dutch East Indies, 1881: Moquette private overprint File:IXLeipzigerBriefmarken-HandlermesseCentraltheater1926-2.jpg|Germany, 1926: A private commercial overprint == Specimen overprints ==

Some stamps are never valid for postal use. They are made for use in promotional displays or as reference material by postal authorities and the Universal Postal Union (UPU). Still others are manufactured by printers for color matching throughout successive printings. In all such cases, the stamps will display the word "specimen" (or "cancelled") on its face. Occasionally, the word may be uniquely handwritten by a postal authority or, much more elaborately, punched through the stamp paper in a method known as perfin. Most often, though, specimen markings are applied as a prominent overprint. Colombia 1888 Sc137 Muestra.jpg|Colombia, 1888: Overprinted muest(ra) (Sp.) Stamp-Natal 1902 £20 green.jpg|Natal, 1902: Specimen for a £20 stamp Australia-1924 Specimen stamp overprint.tif|Australia, 1924: Specimen overprint == Overprints on currency ==

The design and printing of valid paper currency is rarely done hastily and overprints are extremely rare, but in times of crisis such measures have been taken. After World War I, the various successor states of the Austro-Hungarian Empire made multilingual overprints to their old Imperial currency until new notes could be designed and circulated. Currency overprints were also used during World War II to mark all United States dollars in the Hawaiian islands. These Hawaii overprint notes were made in case the islands were captured and the invading forces gained control of the money. Another unusual overprinting situation involving U.S. notes occurred when limited numbers of series 1935A silver certificate dollar bills were overprinted with either a red "R" or an "S". This indicated they were made of "regular" or "synthetic" paper and was a test of their wearing qualities. The Haitian Gourde was overprinted after the unexpectedly rapid fall of the Baby Doc Duvalier regime. The overprint consisted of a red circle with a slash across it with the date of the end of the Duvalier regime (7 February 1986) printed below in red. The symbol obscured the images of Baby Doc and Papa Doc until they were replaced with images of figures from Haitian history. Something similar was done in Iran in 1979 when the Shah's picture was covered by an intricate design. File:Raccolta di Carlo Bettanin, item 16.jpg|Austria, 1919: Austro-Hungarian Imperial krone restricting circulation to the new Republic of Austria File:US-$10-FRN-1934-A-Fr.2303.jpg|United States, : US $10 Hawaii overprint note File:PUNL231b Sig U S784303 tyvek.jpg|Haiti, 1986: Duvalier portrait obscured with prohibition sign File:Counterfeit 100 dollar bill, dated 1974 but probably made later, over-stamped with "Contrefaçon" on both sides. On display at the British Museum, London.jpg|An overprinted Series 1974 counterfeit $100 bill, marked "" (counterfeit in French) to indicate its status as a fake banknote File:5 yen 1938 obverse.jpg|5 Yen note from 1938 with cancel marks. These were repurposed for military use in China. File:5 yen 1938 reverse.jpg|5 Yen note (1938) overprinted reverse == Overprint errors ==

Overprint errors are widespread. Known are double, inverted, misspelled, wrong, partly or entirely missing overprints. Uruguay 1880-82 ScO1 B4 DO.jpg|Uruguay, 1880–1882: block of four with double overprint "OFICIAL" Uruguay 1891 Sc99a.jpg|Uruguay, 1891: 5c overprint error, middle stamp with "Provisorio 1391" instead of "Provisorio 1891" Jhind Queen Victoria Head Half Anna Error 1899 SG17a.jpg|Jind, 1886–1899: Half anna Queen Victoria overprinted "JHIND STATE" inverted Barbados revenue stamps.jpg|Barbados, 1916: Stamps overprinted for revenue usage with missing tail to y of "Penny" Ceskoslovensko1920hradcany1000airmail28invert.jpg|Czechoslovakia, 1920: Inverted 28Kc airmail overprint == See also ==

;References ;Sources • • • GBOS. Bogus overprints. Website Great Britain Overprints Society. Online article == External links ==