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Surtseyan eruption

A Surtseyan eruption is a type of explosive eruption that takes place in shallow seas or lakes when rapidly rising and fragmenting hot magma interacts explosively with water and with water-steam-tephra slurries. The eruption style is named after an eruption off the southern coast of Iceland in 1963 that caused the emergence of a new volcanic island, Surtsey.

Characteristics
is the most famous example of a Surtseyan eruption. Although similar in nature to phreatomagmatic eruptions, there are several specific characteristics: • Physical nature of magma: mafic to felsic. • Character of explosive activity: violent ejection of solid, warm fragments of new magma; continuous or rhythmic explosions; Pumice rafts if intermediate or felsic in composition; base surges. • Nature of effusive activity: short, locally pillowed, lava flows (which are rare). • Nature of dominant ejecta: lithic, blocks and ash; pumice (if felsic or intermediate); often accretionary lapilli; spatter, fusiform bombs and scoria lapilli absent. • Structures built around vent: tuff rings ==Examples of Surtseyan eruptions==
Examples of Surtseyan eruptions
Bogoslof Island - Alaska, United States, 1796 • Fire Island - Alaska, United States, 1796 • Graham Island - Sicily, Italy, 1831 • Anak Krakatau - Sunda Strait, Indonesia, 1927–1930 (with smaller eruptions continuing today) - further Surtseyan eruptions took place following the December 2018 eruption which left large sections of the volcano underwater • Shōwa Iōjima - Iōjima, Kagoshima, Japan, 1934 • Capelinhos - Faial Island, Azores, 1957–1958 • Surtsey - Iceland, 1963 • Jólnir - Iceland, 1966 • Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai, Tonga, 2009 and 2021–2022 (see 2009 Tonga undersea volcanic eruption and 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami) • Zubair Group - Yemen, 2011–2012 • El Hierro - Canary Islands, 2011–2012 (see 2011–12 El Hierro eruption) • Taal Volcano - Batangas, Philippines 2021-2025 “minor” eruptions • Fukutoku-Okanoba, Bonin Islands, Japan, 2021 • Iwo Jima, Bonin Islands, Japan, 2022-2024 ==References==
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