Suwon

Suwon means literally "water source". The area has gone by different names since antiquity, but almost all of them have this meaning. In 940, its name was changed to Su-ju (). == History ==

Early history The area now corresponding to Suwon has been inhabited since at the latest the early Bronze Age. Artifacts from that period to the early Iron Age have been found in the area, and include objects such as pottery, sculpture, and arrowheads. One location where these materials have been found is at , which is now a . An 1899 administrative report had the population at 49,708 people in 12,579 households. When the Korean War began, the United States Air Force 49th Fighter Wing, then stationed in Japan, was sent to Korea with an initial mission of evacuating civilians from Suwon and Gimpo. While on this mission, on 1950, US planes in Suwon were attacked by North Korean fighters. The ensuing Battle of Suwon Airfield became the first aerial combat of the war. Suwon Airfield was attacked again two days later while General Douglas MacArthur was on site. Though the US repelled both attacks, Suwon fell to the advancing North Koreans one week later, on 1950. The following day saw the first land conflict between United States and North Korean forces, the Battle of Osan. caught on a bridge south of Suwon by US attack aircraft in the Korean War North Korean troops were not the only threat to life: in the early days of the war, southern authorities feared left-leaning civilians, and many were killed. Suwon was a site of such killings: eyewitness account from US intelligence officer Donald Nichols places Suwon as the location of a massacre of approximately 1,800 in late June 1950. Suwon was retaken, fell again to the North, before being recaptured for the final time. In total, the city changed hands four times during the war. While under southern authority, Suwon hosted forces from several countries. For example, on 1950, the Greek Expeditionary Force relocated from Busan to Suwon, attached to the US 1st Cavalry Division. The city also appeared strategically important, as in late 1951, the US Air Force's top fighter pilot Gabby Gabreski was placed in charge of Suwon Air Base. A memorial to French forces was erected in 1974 near the Yeongdong Expressway's North Suwon exit. This was renovated in 2013. Recent history In 1964, the headquarters of Gyeonggi Province began a process of relocation from Seoul to Suwon. When the construction of the headquarters was completed on 23 June 1967, the date was set as a new annual holiday: Suwon Citizen's Day (). The Hwahong Cultural Festival (now ) was established to celebrate the occasion. In 1983, two more villages were acquired from Yongin. and 2019. Suwon's most recent land exchange occurred in 2020, when it swapped some land parcels with Hwaseong. ==Geography==

Suwon lies in the north of the Gyeonggi plain, south of the national capital, Seoul. It is bordered by the cities of Uiwang to the north-west, Yongin to the east, Hwaseong to the south-west, and Ansan to the west. Suwon is near the Yellow Sea coast: at its closest point, on the Chilbosan ridge to the west, Suwon lies from Ueumdo in Sihwa Lake, a coastal inlet cordoned off to drive the world's largest tidal power station. Suwon is primarily situated in a basin-like terrain surrounded by low hills such as Gwanggyosan to the north, with the historic Suwon Hwaseong Fortress serving as a central landmark that reflects the city's unique radial urban structure developed since the late 18th century. Geology and topography Suwon is primarily composed of Precambrian metamorphic rock. It has amphibolites that intrude through these, and also granites from the Mesozoic Era. Most of Suwon is composed of biotite granite (Jbgr) from the Jurassic period. This granite is centred on Paldalsan. A form of Daebo granite, this rock is distributed through Homaesil-dong, Geumgok-dong, Dangsu-dong, Seryu-dong, Seodun-dong, Gwonseon-dong, and other areas. Its main constituent minerals are quartz, plagioclase, orthotic, biotite, and amphibole. Streams and lakes Most of Suwon's streams originate on Gwanggyosan or other nearby peaks. Since the city is bounded to the north by Gwanggyosan, to the west by Chilbosan, and to the east by other hills, the streams, chiefly the Hwanggujicheon, Suwoncheon, Seohocheon, and Woncheollicheon, flow southwards. After merging, they eventually empty into the Yellow Sea at Asan Bay. The entirety of Suwon is drained in this manner. Several of Suwon's streams feature lakes. Since there are few natural lakes on the Korean mainland, Suwon's lakes are small reservoirs. These 11 reservoirs are , otherwise known as Seoho () near Hwaseo Station; Irwol Reservoir () near Sungkyunkwan University; Bambat Reservoir () near Sungkyunkwan University Station; , otherwise known as Irwang Reservoir () in Manseok Park; Pajang Reservoir () near the North Suwon exit of the Yeongdong Expressway; () and Hagwanggyo Reservoir () at the foot of Gwanggyosan; Woncheon and Sindae Reservoirs (, ) in Gwanggyo Lake Park; and Geumgok Reservoir (), a small lake at the foot of Chilbosan. Irwang Reservoir (Manseokkeo) has been designated a world heritage site for irrigation. Wangsong Reservoir (), on the border with Uiwang, used to be partly in Suwon, but after controversial boundary changes, it is now entirely in Uiwang. Climate Suwon has both a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa), and a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa). The city is prone to occasional flooding: the 1998 flood caused the death of a US soldier, and of rain fell in 24 hours in 2010. Administrative divisions The city is composed of four gu (districts). Suwon has several new 'towns', e.g., Homaesil and Gwanggyo. The latter is perhaps the most notable of these: the first stage of its construction was completed in 2011. ==Demography==

Suwon is 50.3% male (49.7% female), and 2.9% foreign. On average, there are 2.3 residents per household. Further details for each district are shown below (figures from 31 December 2023). The cathedral—St Joseph's—is at Jeongja-dong. Suwon is the birthplace of the former president of the Baptist World Alliance, Kim Janghwan (Billy Kim). Mr founded the Suwon Central Baptist Church, though this is located in Yongin. Mireukdang (), a small shrine to Maitreya, is located in Pajang-dong. This has a religious basis fusing Buddhism and traditional local religions. Crime Illegal dumping of household waste has been a problem in Suwon, and the city council has addressed this by increasing urban greenery. This approach appears to have reduced the scale of the problem. ==Education==

library There are several universities and colleges in Suwon. These include Sungkyunkwan University's Natural Sciences Campus, Kyonggi University, Ajou University, Dongnam Health University, Gukje Cyber University, Hapdong Theological Seminary, and Suwon Women's University. Despite their names, the University of Suwon and Suwon Science College are not actually in Suwon, but in neighboring Hwaseong. Seoul National University's agriculture campus was located in Suwon until 2005; it is now in Seoul. Suwon has 44 high schools, 57 middle schools, 100 primary schools, and 180 kindergartens. Three schools are dedicated to special education: Jahye School ( Tap-dong), Suwon Seokwang School ( Imok-dong), and Areum School ( Iui-dong). Special education is also provided in some regular schools, e.g., Suwonbuk Middle School ( Yeonghwa-dong). There is also a centre for lifelong learning at Kyemyung High School ( Imok-dong), and there are two international schools in the city: Gyeonggi Suwon International School and Suwon Chinese International School (). ==Environment==

Throughout South Korea, water management is a challenge. Suwon is 11% self-sufficient in its use of water, and plans to increase this to 50% through rainwater harvesting, including building retention facilities; and by treating and reusing sewage. Air pollution in Suwon appears to be from a range of industrial and other sources, with origins of coarse particulate matter (PM10) shown in the pie chart. ==Economy==

The largest employer in Suwon is Samsung Electronics, which was founded in the city in 1969. Its headquarters remain in Suwon, located today with the company's large R&D complex in Maetan-dong. Samsung's presence in the city can be seen through its sponsorship of local sports teams such as Suwon Samsung Bluewings Football Club and two of the oldest domestic basketball teams—Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx—both of which have since left Suwon. Other major companies in Suwon include SK Chemical, Samsung SDI, and Samsung Electro-Mechanics. • Samsung Electronics On September 1, 1973, Samsung Electronics moved its headquarters from Euljiro, Seoul to Suwon. This was to establish an electronic components facility process with Japan's SANYO Electric Co., Ltd. As a result, the status of Suwon City grew along with the growth of Samsung Electronics. ==Landmarks==

Hwaseong Fortress Hwaseong Fortress, built under the orders of King Jeongjo in 1796, is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. but Suwon has long since expanded far beyond this boundary. There are four main gates in the walls, Hwaseong was built under the guidance of philosopher Chŏng Yagyong. Construction details were meticulously recorded in the text Hwaseong Seongyeok Uigwe (). This document was invaluable after the Korean War: reconstruction efforts from 1964 to the present day have relied heavily on this. The school was originally built in 1291 beside Hwasan in Wau-ri, Hwaseong-gun. It was moved to its current location at Gyo-dong around 1795, when Hwaseong Fortress was built. The school houses memorial tablets to Confucius, Mencius, and 25 Korean figures noteworthy to Confucianism. It is open to the public on weekdays from till , but it is closed at weekends. Since 2018, it has been a public cultural space. Adams Memorial Hall served as a focal point for the independence movement. The building was constructed in 1923 under Pastor William Noble with funding from various sources, including a church in the United States, Suwon Jongno Church, and residents. Here, independence activists including Park and Lee met weekly to discuss their activities. ==Culture and contemporary life==

Housing As is typical of urban South Korea, Suwon has many apartment complexes. The city has been affected greatly by real estate price fluctuations. Food Suwon is known for Suwon galbi, a variation on beef ribs enjoyed throughout Korea. Sport Suwon World Cup Stadium was built for the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Today, it is home to the second-tier K League 2 team Suwon Samsung Bluewings. Their city rivals Suwon FC also field a men's team in K League 2, while Suwon FC Women play in the WK League. Both Suwon FC teams play home matches at Suwon Sports Complex. Stadium Since 2013, Suwon has been home to the professional baseball team KT Wiz. The team played at Sungkyunkwan University until Suwon Baseball Stadium remodeling was completed in time for their elevation to the KBO League in 2015. The stadium was previously the home of the Hyundai Unicorns, who folded after the 2007 season. Two of the Korean Basketball League and Women's Korean Basketball League's oldest teams, Samsung Thunders and Samsung Life Blueminx respectively, used to be based in Suwon. Samsung Thunders relocated to Jamsil Arena in Seoul in 2001 The 5,145-capacity Suwon Gymnasium is home to the men's and women's V-League volleyball teams Suwon KEPCO Vixtorm and Suwon Hyundai Engineering & Construction Hillstate respectively. This gymnasium staged the handball events in the 1988 Summer Olympics. It also hosted handball and table tennis at the 2014 Asian Games and hosted the 2010 Judo World Cup. Museums Suwon has two national museums. The National Map Museum of Korea houses a collection of 33,598 maps. This museum is located at Woncheon-dong. Admission is free, and the museum opens daily from to This museum is located at Seodun-dong, admission is free, and it is open daily from till There are also a number of smaller museums in Suwon. For example, Suwon Hwaseong Museum, at Maehyang-dong, features exhibits contextualizing and explaining the construction of Hwaseong. A smaller museum, which focuses on the history of toilets, Haewoojae, has gathered some international attention. Built privately in 2007 at Imok-dong, this museum is dedicated to the history of toilets. Libraries Suwon Central Library opened in 1980 at Gyo-dong. Today, the city has 27 public libraries: seven in Gwonseon District, five in Jangan District, six in Paldal District, and nine in Yeongtong District. Parks and gardens Suwon has two municipal arboreta: Irwol Arboretum () and Yeongheung Arboretum (). These opened simultaneously on 2023 beside Irwol Reservoir and Yeongheung Park respectively. The Irwol Arboretum features 429,000 plants of 52,000 species, while Yeongheung Arboretum hosts 118,000 plants of 42,000 species over . Some of these, e.g., Gwanggyo Lake Park, Seoho Park, Irwol Park, and Manseok Park, contain sizeable lakes. Street art Haenggung-dong and Ji-dong in central Suwon are known for their murals, while Haenggung-dong streets have a variety of other artistic features such as optical illusions. Media Newspapers based in Suwon include the Kyeonggi Ilbo () in Jangan District, and the Kyeongin Ilbo () and Suwon Daily () in Paldal District. National broadcaster KBS has a drama studio and art hall in Ingye-dong, Yeongtong District. These are open to visits by appointment. Cinemas Suwon has several multiplex cinemas: three branches of CGV (in Ha-dong, Ingye-dong, and Jowon-dong, Hwaseo-dong ); four branches of Lotte Cinema (in Cheoncheon-dong, Geumgok-dong, Iui-dong, and Seodun-dong); and six branches of Megabox (in Gwonseon-dong, Haenggung-dong, Homaesil-dong, Ingye-dong, Jeongja-dong, and Maesan-dong). Other smaller cinemas, which may show fewer foreign films, include Cinema Town, Taehan Theater, Piccadilly Theater, Jungang Theater, Royal Theater, Dano Theater, and Dano Art Hall. Retail There are several major shopping centres across Suwon, e.g., AK Plaza and Lotte Mall at Suwon Station, and Avenue France and Alleyway in Gwanggyo. Another large centre, Starfield—incorporating its own library and a Megabox cinema—opened beside Hwaseo Station in January 2024. This mall targets a younger customer base, and incorporates pop-up stores. The first pop-up for the popular game 'Brawl Stars' was held here. The warehouse-style discount store 'Traders' is located in the basement. Public toilets In the early 2000s, Suwon City Council strove to improve the condition of its public lavatories, and afterwards ran guided tours of the municipal facilities. Suwon has hosted several international conferences on toilet management, and the World Toilet Association is based in the city. ==Transport==

Suwon Station is served by KTX and other trains on the Gyeongbu Line, which connects Seoul to Busan. From 1930 to 1972, the Suryeo Line also connected Suwon to Yeoju, and from 1937 to 1996, the Suin Line ran from Suwon to Incheon. Today, three Seoul Metro lines (14 stations) serve Suwon, and there are plans for network expansion. Construction of an extension of the Sinbundang Line to Homaesil is scheduled to begin in 2024. Another planned line—the Dongtan–Indeogwon Line—should create several new stations in Suwon, but this has been delayed, prompting affected cities to call for urgent action. Suwon is also served by two inter-city bus terminals with nationwide connections: Suwon Bus Terminal near Seryu Station, and West Suwon Bus Terminal in Guun-dong. Nevertheless, bus terminal passenger numbers are decreasing. Suwon is also connected to Seoul and other nearby cities by city and express buses with departure points across the city. In 2017, a new bank of bus stops opened at Suwon Station Transfer Center. This was built to alleviate pressure on existing bus and taxi stands across the tracks. Another transfer centre is incorporated into Gwanggyo Jungang Station; this is underground, and bus stands feature screen doors. Suwon has invested heavily in electric buses—in 2019, it built the country's largest bus charging station at Pajang-dong. Suwon is served by several expressways. The Yeongdong Expressway (50) passes through the city, with two exits within the city limits: North Suwon and East Suwon. The Gwanggyo Sanghyeon exit on the Yongin–Seoul Expressway (171) is on Suwon's border with Yongin, and the Pyeongtaek–Paju Expressway (17) also has an exit in Suwon (Geumgok). The Suwon exit of the Gyeongbu Expressway (1) was renamed Suwon Singal in 2014 to reflect its actual location in Singal in neighboring Yongin. Suwon has invested in ecological transport. The city was the first place in Korea to introduce dockless public bicycles. Traversing Suwon by bicycle is facilitated by numerous cycle paths beside the streams that cut through the city. In 2013, Suwon hosted the EcoMobility World Festival. For one month, streets in Haenggung-dong were closed to cars as a car-free experiment. Residents used non-motorized vehicles provided by the festival organizers. The experiment was not unopposed. ==Military==

Suwon Air Base in Jangji-dong, Gwonseon District was used by the United States Air Force during the Korean War, when it was the scene of the conflict's first aerial combat. The US military also maintains Madison Site—a small signals unit with nearby helipad on Gwanggyosan. ==Fauna==

While much of Suwon's wildlife can be expected to be similar to that in the surrounding province, two species are worth noting specifically in regard to the city. Firstly, an undisclosed location in Suwon appears to be Korea's first recorded breeding site of the white-breasted waterhen. Secondly, the Suwon tree frog—one of three tree frogs to inhabit the Korean peninsula— was discovered in Suwon around 1980, but due to urban sprawl it is no longer found in the city. It has, however, been found recently in Paju, Ansan, and Pyeongtaek (Gyeonggi Province); Eumseong (Chungcheongbuk-do); Gangwon-do; and North Korea. The species is considered endangered. ==Notable people==

Suwon was the birthplace of (?–1205), famed for his filial piety, and of his noble wife Yŏm Kyŏng-ae (, 1100–1146). Also in ancient times, it was the home of (1341–1420), a Goryeo subject opposed to Joseon. More recently, the eminent Silhak scholar and agricultural pioneer (1741–1812) was born in the city Dong Hyun Kim (1981–, MMA) Oh Kyo-moon (1972–, archery), and Park Ji-sung (1981–, football). Park was born in Seoul but raised in Suwon, and in 2005, a city street was renamed after him. Classical musicians from Suwon include Han-na Chang (1982–, conductor, cellist) Popular musicians from Suwon include Im Chang-kyun (stage name I.M, 1996–), Jeon Ji-yoon (1990–), Jo Kwon (1989–), Kim Myung-jun (stage name MJ, 1994–), Kim Yu-gwon (stage name U-Kwon, 1992–), Lee Chang-sub (1991–), Lee Dong-hun (, 1993–), Lee Ju-eun (1995–), Shin Dong-hee (stage name Shindong, 1985–), Yoo Jeong-yeon (1996–), Yoo Ji-min (stage name Karina, 2000–), and Yoon Bo-mi (1993–). Actors from Suwon include Lee Jong-suk (1989–) Park Hae-soo (1981–), Ryu Jun-yeol (1986–), Song Kang (1994–), and Yoo Hyun Young (1976–). Pastor Kim Jang Hwan (known as Billy Kim, 1934–) is also from Suwon. He is a former president of the Baptist World Alliance, and president of the Far East Broadcasting Company ==Sister cities==

Suwon is twinned internationally with: • Asahikawa, Japan (1989) • Jinan, China (1993) Pohang (2009), Jeonju (2016), and Nonsan (2021). ==See also==