Native American tribes in Iowa

Today, there are four federally recognized tribes in Iowa: the Omaha Tribe of Nebraska, the Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa, the Ponca Tribe of Nebraska and the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska. == Precontact era ==

Chiwere-Siouan speaking tribes , 1861 • Ho-Chunk (Winnebago) • Iowa (Baxoje) • Missouria • Otoes The precontact Oneota culture may have included Chiwere language–speaking peoples. At the time of contact with European explorers, their range covered most of Iowa. The Ho-Chunk ranged primarily east of the Mississippi in southern Wisconsin, the Ioway/Baxoje ranged in northern Iowa, the Otoe in central and southern Iowa, and the Missouria in far southern Iowa. All these tribes were also active during the historic period. Dhegihan Siouan–speaking tribes , 1898 The following tribes arrived in the late prehistoric period: • Kaw (Kansa) • Omaha • Osage • Ponca The Dhegihan Siouan peoples lived near the Missouri River in the very Late precontact and post-contact periods; they appear to have migrated to the region from the south or southeast. Their origin location is debated. Other Western Siouan language–speaking tribes The following tribes also had an early presence in Iowa: • Hidatsa • Mandan These may be descendants of the Mill Creek culture who flourished from 1100 to 1300 CE and whose territory extended into northwest Iowa. == Post-contact ==

Caddoan speaking–tribes (Panis/Panibousa), Iowa (Aiaouez/Aioureoua and Paoute/Paoutaoua), Dakota, and Omaha (Maha); approximate state highlighted. and Arikara delegation • Arikara • Pawnee These may descend from the Central Plains tradition cultures (ca. 1000–1780 CE) who lived in southwest Iowa, especially around the present-day Glenwood area. The Pawnee (Panis) are shown in southwest Iowa on a 1798 map, although they ranged primarily to the west. • Mascouten • Meskwaki (Fox) • Sauk (Thâkînâwe) The encroachment of Europeans and long-term conflict among Algonquian and Iroquoian tribes in the east pushed many eastern tribes into the Midwest. Many Meskwaki remained in Iowa, even after Indian Removal in 1846. They established a recognized Settlement. These tribes moved to Iowa during the historic period: • Potawatomi • Ojibwe (Chippewa) • Odawa (Ottawa) The forced relocation of tribes in the 19th century from east of the Mississippi led to some eastern tribes living in and near Iowa. Their former territory had been around the Great Lakes. Potawatomi Chief Sauganash founded the village that eventually grew into Council Bluffs. == Southern Plains tribes ==

• Plains Apache and Comanche traveled through the region from the 17th century to 19th century. == Indian settlements and claimed lands in Iowa==

• Meskwaki Settlement, Iowa • Blackbird Bend == Modern times ==

Today the only federally recognized tribe in Iowa is the Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa (also known as the Meskwaki Nation). The Foxes first moved into Iowa after 1804, and by the time of the Black Hawk War all were gathered there. In 1842 they left their Iowa lands and moved to Kansas together with the Sauk. But between 1850 and 1859 some Foxes and Sauk returned from Kansas to Iowa and bought a tract of land near Tama, where they established a settlement and have lived ever since. Apart from the Sac and Fox, there are also many Native American people living in Iowa who identify as Sioux, Ho-Chunk, Omaha, Chippewa, and few more tribes. In the 2020 United States census, in total 14,486 people in Iowa identified as being Native American alone (including Hispanic Natives), and 41,472 did in combination with one or more other races. ==Notable Indians who lived in Iowa==

(Chief Tama) • Appanoose • Antonine Barada (White Horse) • Black Hawk • Douglas Spotted Eagle • Inkpaduta • Keokuk • Mahaska "White Cloud" • Neapope • Maria Pearson • Poweshiek • Quashquame • John Raymond Rice • Sauganash (Billy Caldwell) • Sidominadota • Taimah (Tama) • Wabansi • Wapello • Watseka • Ray Young Bear • Notchininga "No Heart" ==References==