Hambach surface mine

(below to the right, "Bürgewald") The open pit operator RWE, then known as Rheinbraun, initiated the permitting process for open-pit mining in 1974 and was able to commence operations in 1978. The first excavator began its work on 15 October 1978. ==Subsequent use==

Lake The open-pit mine was put into operation in 1978. Every year, about 0.3 cubic kilometres of material are moved, so that coal and soil with a volume of about 18.6 km3 will be mined by the time the coal runs out in 2040. By April 2009, the overburden was being transported by conveyor belt to refill the now-exhausted Bergheim mine. Due to the accumulation of about 1 km3 of material at the Sophienhöhe and the extracted coal, a residual hole was created, which is set to be filled with water after the completion of mining activities. Pumped-storage plant In addition to complete flooding, construction of a pumped-storage power plant is also an option on the site. A patent from 1995 states that such a pumped-storage plant in the Hambach open-cast mine can be realized and can provide many times the pumped-storage capacity currently available in Germany. The increased use of renewable energy makes this option more important and is being followed with interest by the mining authority. Floating solar park On 6 May 2020, Meyer Burger, a manufacturer of solar cell production machinery, presented its idea for a huge solar park in the Hambach open-cast mine. This would generate electricity with a capacity of around ten gigawatts, which would roughly correspond to the combined power generation capacity of the Weisweiler, Neurath, Niederaussem, and Frimmersdorf coal-fired power plants, which are currently dependent on the open-cast mines. Considerations for later use of the area of fifty square kilometres include flooding to form a lake landscape. According to Meyer Burger CEO, Gunter Erfurt, it would be conceivable to cover Lake Hambach with solar modules. Up to fifty million solar modules could be installed as a floating solar park, as has already been realised in other parts of the world. According to Erfurt, the construction of a state-of-the-art plant for cell and module production is currently being evaluated. In an interview with Radio Rur, Uwe Rau replied that such an idea was feasible, as a major advantage of the Hambach open-cast mine was the power transmission lines already in place due to the coal-fired power plants in the area, which could thus continue to be used. Andreas Pinkwart, Minister for Economic Affairs, Innovation, Digitisation and Energy of North Rhine-Westphalia, also expressed his support for the project. ==Criticism and protests==

Since around 2012, an area within the remaining part of the Hambach Forest has been occupied by environmentalists to prevent its planned destruction by RWE. The occupation involves a settlement with around two dozen tree houses and numerous road barricades. The barricades were erected to prevent mining company and police vehicles from entering. In November 2017, environmentalists entered the mine and temporarily halted operations. They were met with police using horses and pepper spray. In 2004, Greenpeace activists demonstrated against climate damage in the Hambach mine due to power generation using lignite. They flew over the open pit with a hot air balloon, occupied an excavator for several days, and painted it partly pink. On 13 May 2009, the joint activity of the local action group of citizens' initiatives against the relocation of the A4 and Friends of the Earth Germany (BUND) failed before the Federal Administrative Court. The plaintiffs tried to stop the relocation of the A4, which was deemed necessary for the planned extension of the open-pit mine and justified this, inter alia, with feared noise pollution, as well as the possible threat to the protected Bechstein bat and other species. In 2009, construction of the new section of motorway began. In September 2014, it was opened to traffic. Since 2008, there have been increasing complaints about possible damage to the hill in the Elsdorf-Heppendorf area. Since the burden of proof lies with the complainants, it is difficult to prove the mining operator guilty. The newly formed brown coal committee therefore decided on 16 April 2010 to set up the Bergschaden Braunkohle NRW reclamation service for damage victims in the Rhenish lignite mining area. The former chairman of the Higher Regional Court Hamm Gero Debusmann was appointed chairman of the recourse office. In November 2012 and March 2013, the police cleared tent and hut camps of mining opponents in the remaining Hambach Forest. In 2012, a squatter had to be fetched from a six-metre deep tunnel and the following year, two activists were roped off a tree platform. Later, a new camp was built at another location in the Hambach Forest. In September 2018, a journalist died after falling from the tree structures built by activists. ==See also==