,
Somerset, England. The overshot waterwheel was cast by Bridgwater ironfounder H Culverwell & Co in 1892 to replace an earlier wheel. It was used to grind oak bark for the tannery complex established here in the 1840s by James Hayman. When the tannery closed in 1900, the waterwheel was adapted to other uses, such as grinding grain for
grist, cutting
chaff, chopping apples for the cider press, and generating electricity. It also cracked stones in a nearby quarry. The gearing survives, too. In Europe,
oak is a common source of tanbark.
Quercitannic acid is the chief constituent found in oak barks. The bark is taken from young branches and twigs in oak
coppices and can be up to 4 mm thick; it is grayish-brown on the outside and brownish-red on the inner surface. In some areas of the United States, such as central Pennsylvania and northern
California, "mulch" is often called tanbark, even by manufacturers and distributors. In these areas, the word "mulch" may refer to
peat moss or to very fine tanbark. In California,
Notholithocarpus densiflorus (commonly known as the
tanoak or
tanbark-oak) was used. In America,
condensed tannins are also present in the bark of blackjack oak (
Quercus marilandica). In
New York, on the slopes of
Mount Tremper,
hemlock bark was a major source of tanbark during the 19th century. Around the
Mediterranean Sea, sumach (
Rhus coriaria) leaves and bark are used. In Africa and Australia,
acacia (called "wattle") bark is used by tanners. One ton of wattle or
mimosa bark produces about 150 lbs of pure
tannin. Used tanbark is employed in horticulture and spread on flower beds and in glass houses to keep down weeds and protect plant roots. File:EichenLoheSchaeler1.jpg|Tool to remove bark from oak branches File:Schleissen 1.jpg|Removal of bark from oak branches File:Schleissen 2.jpg|Another view of the process File:Oakbark.jpg|The bark of an oak tree File:Young red oak bark.jpg|Young red oak bark ==See also==