Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)

The huge quarry nearby likely played into the Roman decision to create a huge "Great Court" of a big pagan temple complex in this mountain site, despite being located at 1,145 meters of altitude and lying on the remote eastern border of the Roman Empire. Although the 6th-century Greek historian John Malalas dates the temple to the reign of Antoninus Pius (AD 138–161), construction probably started soon after around 16 BC, when Baalbek became a Roman colony known as Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolitana. It was largely completed by AD 60 as evidenced by a graffito located on one of the topmost column drums. It was an important religious site during the Roman Empire, and emperors often consulted the temple's oracle. Trajan learned of his imminent death . ==Architecture==

The temple complex is on a raised plaza erected over an earlier T-shaped base consisting of a podium, staircase, and foundation walls. These walls were built from about 24 monoliths, at their lowest level weighing approximately 300 tonnes each. The tallest retaining wall, on the west, has a second course of monoliths containing the famed "Three Stones" (, Trílithon): cut from limestone, measuring over long, high, and broad, they weigh approximately 800 tonnes each. (A fourth, still larger stone called the Stone of the Pregnant Woman lies unused in the nearby quarry from the town and weighs around 1,000 tonnes. A fifth, weighing approximately 1,200 tonnes lies in the same quarry.) Through the foundation there run three enormous passages the size of railway tunnels. A wide staircase provided access to the elevated platform, which measured on top. The Temple of Jupiter proper was circled by a peristyle of 54 unfluted Corinthian columns: ten in front and back and nineteen along each side. The columns were 19.9 meters high, the tallest of any classical temple, and the apex of the pediment is estimated to have been 44 meters above the floor of the court. With a rectangular footprint of 88 by 44 meters, it is considerably smaller than earlier Greek temples, such as the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus and the Temple of Apollo at Didyma. Rather its significance lies in the sophistication of its planning and architectural detail. A number of Julio-Claudian emperors enriched the temple's sanctuary in turn. In the mid-1st century, Nero built the tower-altar opposite the temple. In the early 2nd century, Trajan added the temple's forecourt, with porticos of pink granite shipped from Aswan at the southern end of Egypt. The Temple-Sanctuary of Heliopolitan Zeus was ruined by earthquakes, destroyed and pillaged for stone under Theodosius and again under Justinian: eight columns were taken to Constantinople (Istanbul) for incorporation into the Hagia Sophia. Three columns fell during the late 18th century. ==Construction==

The original method of construction remains an archeological mystery. This quarry was slightly higher than the temple complex, so no lifting was required to move the stones. Individual Roman cranes were not capable of lifting stones in the 60 to 100 tonne range, but a special one could have been built only for the construction of this temple. The large stones may have probably been rolled into position along temporary earthen banks from the quarry or multiple cranes may have been used in combination, or they might have alternated sides a little at a time, filling in supports underneath each time. Continued archaeological investigations have been hindered by civil unrest in the region. ==Function==

Macrobius, writing c. 400, says that the temple held a golden statue of Apollo or Zeus. Represented as a beardless youth and in the garb of a charioteer, his right hand held a whip, the left a lightning bolt and ears of wheat. ==Present condition==

At present, six columns remain standing along its south side with their entablature. Their capitals remain nearly perfect on the south side, while the Beqaa's winter winds have worn the northern faces almost bare. The remaining architrave and frieze blocks weigh as much as , with one corner block weighing over , all of them raised to a height of above the ground. ==Gallery==

File:Lebanon, Baalbek, Roman Lion's Head (Gargouille), Temple of Jupiter.jpg|Roman Lion's Head (Gargouille) File:Hexagonal Court, Temple of Jupiter, Baalbek (بعلبك), Lebanon–North pool detail –PHBZ024 2016 3012–Dumbarton Oaks.jpg|The Hexagonal Court, North pool File:Baalbek - temple de Jupiter - chapiteau.jpg|A Corinthian capital File:Great Court, Temple of Jupiter, Baalbek (بعلبك), Lebanon–Architectural fragment, looking northeast (with small alter behind)–PHBZ024 2016 3025–Dumbarton Oaks.jpg|The Great Court, looking northeast File:Great Court, Temple of Jupiter, Baalbek (بعلبك), Lebanon–Detail of cornice and column, south side–PHBZ024 2016 3024–Dumbarton Oaks.jpg|The Great Court, south side File:Trilithon of Baalbek 3.jpg|Trilithon File:MMoCA195MA.jpg|Interior, looking east ==See also==