MarketTetsu Tamura
Company Profile

Tetsu Tamura

Tetsu Tamura ; October 18, 1876 – August 19, 1909) was a Japanese meteorologist and oceanographer, who utilized higher mathematics, active in the United States before Syukuro Manabe and Japan during the Meiji era. Tamura helped Cleveland Abbe as his assistant specialized in physico-mathematical theory for three years until his returning to Japan and frequently published articles to Science magazine, Weekly Weather Review, etc. as listed below. He was also a pedagogist of the comparative educational system. He taught at the Naval War College, Tokyo Higher Normal School, and Waseda University.

Early life
On October 18, 1876 (Meiji 9), Tamura was born in Yonezawa, Yamagata, Japan. He was the third son of Yoshimasa Tamura, a samurai of the Yonezawa Domain (Uesugi clan). In his autobiography, Tamura writes that his father survived the fierce battle of Koguriyama in Hokuetsu (Northern Niigata) during the Boshin War (1868–1869), and that the family was "as poor as a church mouse." In July 1892 (Meiji 25), he was graduated from the Yonezawa Chugakko (now Yamagata Prefectural Yonezawa Kojokan High School), a five-year secondary school run by the Uesugi clan, and left home on March 15 of the following spring to enter the Aoyama Gakuin College (now Aoyama Gakuin University). He worked as a schoolboy and janitor while studying at Aoyama Gakuin College. and communicated with the author. The author's response with appreciation would later encourage him to study abroad. He was graduated from Aoyama Gakuin College in March 1896 (Meiji 29), as listed in Aoyama Gakuin University Alumni Record (Aoyama Gakuin Resource Center). The next year, in April 1897 (Meiji 30), he taught mathematics and English at Aichi Prefectural Normal School in Nagoya, introduced by Nobuta Kishimoto (1866–1928) and Ryokichi Yatabe (1851–1899), and the following year 1898 (Meiji 31), in April, he was ready to travel to the United States. His destination was Simpson College, Indianola, Iowa, where he received his first scholarship. The ship was the City of Peking from Yokohama to San Francisco via Honolulu. == Study and research in the U.S.A. ==
Study and research in the U.S.A.
For the following educational backgrounds and training timelines, while referring to his autographed résumé Immediately after arriving, there were no classes due to summer vacation, and during this time, with the help of the local church, he anonymously wrote and published an English novel entitled Kwaiku based on his own religious history. The novel's "Preface" mentioned that Emma Kate Corkhill, a professor of English literature at Simpson College, helped him for English composition. According to the academic transcript of Professor J.L. Tilton of the Science Department at Simpson University, with a letter of recommendation to G. Stanley Hall, President of Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts, Tamura's formal coursework began in the fall quarter of 1898. He completed the winter, spring, and fall quarters of 1899 and the winter quarter of 1900. But in the middle of the spring quarter, his credits were transferred from Simpson College to State University of Iowa (now University of Iowa) in Iowa City, Iowa, where he received his B.S. (Bachelor of Science) degree in 1990. and received his bachelor's degree (B.S.) from State University of Iowa. Tamura first entered Simpson College with the support of the same Methodist Church as Aoyama Gakuin, being admitted as a third-year student (junior) in the fall quarter of 1898, taking into account his graduation from Aoyama Gakuin and his experience as an instructor at the Normal School of Aichi Prefecture (now Aichi University of Education). It was revealed in Tilton's letter of recommendation to G. Stanley Hall, written on the Simpson College letterhead paper mentioned above. After this, he headed east for the first time to enroll in Columbia University Graduate School in New York City. By the way, prior to this, as a result of sending a letter of recommendation to Clark University, Tamura was actually accepted. However, partially because Arthur Gordon Webster, who was scheduled advisor at Clark University, was going to be out of town for a year, and partially because State University of Iowa also offered him a scholarship, he stayed at the graduate school in Iowa for a year, as revealed in the letter of explanation that Tilton and Tamura themselves sent to Clark University. Staying in Iowa for a year did not cancel Clark University's scholarships. From 1901 (Meiji 34) to the summer of 1902 (Meiji 35), he first studied in the doctoral program at Columbia University under Robert Simpson Woodward, who was then the Dean of the Faculty of Science. Tamura then left New York in the fall, to continue his research at Clark University in New England, as a fellow paid by the promised scholarship. In the summer of 1903 (Meiji 36), he returned to Columbia University. Tamura's autographed résumé says he got a Ph.D. degree this year, Although the dissertation for the degree of Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy in pure science) was submitted to Columbia University, the title page clearly states that he was a fellow of both universities, Columbia and Clark. The dissertation was based on a series of meteorological studies in Washington, D.C., as shown in the next section, and the title is Mathematical Theory of the Nocturnal Cooling of the Atmosphere, Parts I and II, which main thesis was published in the April 1905 issue of the Monthly Weather Review (p. 138-147), and was reprinted in a 31-page booklet with a new title page to submit as the dissertation. Washington, D.C. (U.S. Weather Bureau) In September 1903 (Meiji 36), Tamura became an engineer (specialist) at the U.S. Weather Bureau, now the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) in Silver Spring, Maryland, which was then located in Washington, D.C., with the recommendation of Woodward, Tamura's mentor at Columbia University. Abbe had a reputation for being kind and caring for everyone, and in fact, he worked as a matchmaker for Tamura's marriage on Saturday, November 25, 1905 (Meiji 38). In his autobiography, Tamura quotes the words of one of Abbe's alumni, who recalled his unchanging personality, as follows: "Everybody liked Abbe thirty years ago, as everybody likes him now." of the Carnegie Institution of Washington (now Carnegie Institution for Science), which was founded in 1902. As mentioned above, Tamura's personal and professional life reached his zenith at this time, including his marriage, and he was financially and prestigiously blessed with access to the Washington academia. At the request of the Carnegie Institution, in May 1905 (Meiji 38), he went on a tour of Europe. His business trips were mainly to Switzerland, England, Germany and France. In November of the same year, 1905, he received a Doctor of Science degree (D.Sc.) from George Washington University (GWU). == Returning to Japan: Teaching at schools and research in meteorology and oceanography ==
Returning to Japan: Teaching at schools and research in meteorology and oceanography
Why and how Tamura came back to Japan The article on Tamura in the March 1992 issue of Aoyama Gakuho written by Masataka Watanabe The theme of Tamura of the article in Japan and America was criticism of Japanese education. Tamura was undoubtedly a professor of meteorology at Tokyo Higher Normal School from November 1906 (Meiji 39) to August 1909 (Meiji 42), when he died. By the way, he is listed as a "Yamagata Prefecture samurai" here, but his résumé dated November 1907 (Meiji 40) shows him as a "Tokyo commoner." This is probably because Tamura, the third son, was registered as the head of a new family in Tokyo after being separated from his parents' register in Yonezawa by the marriage. According to "Waseda Daigaku Hyakunenshi (Centennial History of Waseda University)", he was a lecturer in the Literature Departmentand gave lectures on "modern science" from December 1907 to July 1908. Research on meteorology and oceanography after returning to Japan At that time, the Tokyo Meteorological Observatory, or "Central Weather Bureau," was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education, but it is now the "Japan Meteorological Agency" of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism. What Tamura did here is not very clear. It is not even clear what role he played at the Central Weather Bureau. Takematsu Okada, who wrote an obituary to the Central Weather Bureau's Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan: JMSJ (『気象集誌』), also stated that Tamura was a "member of the Society," but this does not mean anything more than a member of the "Great Japan Meteorological Society" (later the Meteorological Society of Japan). In addition, Okada's list of Tamura's achievements in Japan, other than lecturing on meteorology at various schools, are merely meteorological and oceanographic research and design work for the Japan Hydrographic Office. The "hydrographic office" mentioned here also appears in the obituary with a short biography of Tamura by Funabashi. It says, "In the Hydrographic Office, he [Tamura] worked for the survey of tidal magnetism as well as the marine meteorology, and at the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, he was commissioned to conduct research on the basic fisheries survey." The Hydrographic Office was the Hydrographic Department of the Ministry of the Navy, which is now Marine Information Department of the Japan Coast Guard, so it was not under the jurisdiction of the Central Meteorological Observatory. The Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce was, of course, the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce of the Japanese government, which was not yet divided into the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry as it is today. According to Funabashi, Tamura was also commissioned by the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce to devise "new instruments" related to fisheries and to build facilities in the Seto Inland Sea. This overlaps with the "design project" mentioned in Okada's obituary. == Tamura's premature death and his family ==
Tamura's premature death and his family
Tamura died of illness at 32 years old. According to the obituary by Funabashi, he became ill on July 12, 1909 (Meiji 42), and was diagnosed with intestinal typhoid on July 17. He was then hospitalized at the Tokyo Hospital (now the Jikei University School of Medicine Hospital, which was established by Takaki Kanehiro) and died at 5 p.m. on August 19. His funeral was held at Aoyama Methodist Church in Aoyama Gakuin, and he was buried in Aoyama Cemetery, Tokyo. (or possibly "Clara"), and two daughters, "Kimi Grace" and "Michiko." His wife attended Aoyama Gakuin Kaigan Jogakko (Coastal Girls' School) but dropped out to go to the United States in 1894 (Meiji 27). It was four years prior to Tamura's travel to America in 1898 (Meiji 31). The following year, his wife returned to the United States with two daughters, but their whereabouts after that are unknown. There is a "Kimi Grace Tamura," the same name as Tamura's eldest daughter, listed among graduates of the 1930 (Showa 5) graduation program of the Pennsylvania Museum and School of Industrial Art (now University of the Arts, Philadelphia) in Philadelphia. == Major works ==
Major works
Tamura used different names: mainly "S. Tetsu Tamura," sometimes "S.T. Tamura," "Tetsu Tamura or 田村哲," and possibly "Satoru Tetsu Tamura." • A Young Japanese Convert [alias Satoru Tamura]: [A Novel] Kwaiku (Recollections of the Past). Oelwein, Iowa: Press of the Oelwein Journal, 1898 (24 pages). • Tamura, S. Tetsu: "Mathematical theory of ice formation." Monthly Weather Review, 1905–02. 33(2):55-59. • Tamura, S. Tetsu: Mathematical Theory of the Nocturnal Cooling of the Atmosphere, Parts I and II. Ph.D. dissertation (Columbia University 1905, 31 pages). This was reprinted for the degree requirements from the Monthly Weather Review, 1905–04. 33(4):138-147. • Tamura, S. Tetsu: "An account of recent meteorological and geo-physical researches in Japan." Monthly Weather Review, 1905–07. 33(7):302-305. • Tamura, S.T.: "Japanese meteorological servise in Korea and Japan." Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 1906-03-09. 23(584):396-397. • Tamura, S. Tetsu: "A memoir of Professor Diro Kitao." Journal of the meteorological Society of Japan, Ser. I, 1907-09-28. 26(9):en.1-en.10. ISSN 0026-1165. • Tamura, S.T.: "Appeal for an aero-physical observatory in Japan." Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 1906-08-03. 24(605):148-150. • Tamura, S. Tetsu: "A biographical sketch of Prof. Diro Kitao." Monthly Weather Review, 1907–10. 35(10):452-454. • 田村 哲:「米国における気象学の進歩」『地学雑誌』1907. 19(6):392-395. ISSN 0022-135X. /Meteorological progress in the United States/ • 田村 哲(述): 『近世科学』(高等国民教育). [東京]: 早稲田大学出版部, [1908]. /Modern Science (Lecture note)/ • 田村 哲:『外遊九年』. 東京: 目黒書店, 1908. /Nine Years Abroad: An Autobiography/ == See also ==
tickerdossier.comtickerdossier.substack.com