Thai honorifics

Thai honorifics date back to the Sukhothai Kingdom, a period which lasted from 1238 to 1420 CE. During the Sukhothai period, honorifics appeared in the form of kinship terms. By the end of World War II, popular media used the most informal term for the king, nai luang. In the 1960s, raja-sap was revived by royalists as an anchor for the Thai monarchy, alongside court customs like mandatory prostration to the royal family, which had officially ended during the reign of Chulalongkorn. ==Honorific registers==

The roots of Thai honorific registers lie in Khmer and Khmer-Indic (Pali or Sanskrit words borrowed first into Khmer, then from Khmer into Thai) loanwords. Khmer and Khmero-Indic words were originally borrowed into Thai by an educated, Thai upper class, specifically kings and monks, in order to discuss Buddhism. When the need for honorific registers arose, the Thai people turned again to Khmer. Borrowing heavily from Khmer, the Thai constructed a royal vocabulary, a large lexicon of Khmer and Khmero-Indic words, appropriate for addressing the monarchy. At the same time, a clerical vocabulary emerged, much smaller but similar in function and origin to the royal vocabulary. The clerical vocabulary, also composed mainly of borrowings from Khmer, enabled the common people to communicate with and about monks. Lexical items from standard Thai, royal vocabulary, and clerical vocabulary are shown side by side in the table below: ==Honorific pronominals==

Thai exhibits pronoun avoidance, often using kinship or status terms instead, particularly for social equals or superiors. Personal pronouns Personal pronouns are the most numerous and complex of pronominal forms in Thai. Personal pronouns may make the following semantic distinctions: • Number: singular, plural, ambiguous • Person: first person, second person, third person, ambivalent • Gender • Primary distinctions are distinctions of gender that are inherent to pronouns: male, female • Secondary distinctions are distinctions of gender that depend on the presence or absence of other semantic features like status, intimacy, or non-restraint: male orientation, female orientation, neutral orientation • Age: absolute, relative • Speaker-addressee-referent relationship • Primary distinctions • Status-the status of the speaker relative to an addressee or referent. Status may be determined by relative age (elders have higher status), rank (king>royalty>monks>government and military>professionals>white collar>blue collar), or non-intimacy (strangers are treated as at least equals) • Intimacy - the kind and degree of close, day-by-day association • Non-restraint • Secondary distinctions • Deference • Politeness • Assertiveness Kinship terms Kinship terms are used pronominally to elevate or demonstrate solidarity with an addressee. Speakers may demonstrate additional respect by adding the polite title khun (คุณ) before any kinship term. Kinship terms are commonly followed by personal names or nicknames. Status terms Status terms denote referents in terms of occupation or status. A few status terms frequently used as pronominals are presented in the table below: Names In Thai, a person's full name consists of a given name followed by a surname or family name. In addition, most individuals have a nickname. As pronominals, given names are used most frequently in second person form. Given names are often preceded by the courtesy title khun when addressing friends or acquaintances. Given names are sometimes truncated to convey mild informality. Nicknames, like given names, are used most often in second person. They generally do not take titles. Nicknames are a friendly, affectionate way to show intimacy between interlocuters. ==Honorific particles==

Honorific particles are added to the end of an utterance or clause to show respect to the addressee. Honorific particles may exhibit the following semantic distinctions: • Gender: male, female, neutral • Status: superior, equal, inferior • Social mood: a continuum ranging from formal at one end to extremely intimate at the other • Illocutionary force: affirmative, imperative, interrogative Polite particles are not used in conjunction with honorific registers or in written language. Commonly used polite particles are summarized in the table below. ==Honorific titles==

Thanphuying and khunying Thanphuying ( ) and khunying ( ) were originally titles for wives of nobles of chaophraya and phraya rank, respectively. Today they are used as titles for married female recipients of the Order of Chula Chom Klao. Those of the rank Dame Grand Commander and above use the title thanphuying, while others use khunying. Unmarried recipients use the title khun, which is the same word as below. Khun (courtesy title) Khun ( ), a courtesy title pronounced with a mid tone, should not be confused with the noble title of khun ( , pronounced in a rising tone). Today, this word is used informally to courteously address nearly anyone. ==References==