from 1884. Elite formal dances in the Middle Ages often included elements of performance, which gradually increased until the 17th century, often reducing the amount of dancing by the whole company.
Medieval dance featured many group dances, and this type of dance lasted throughout the period when
Baroque dance became common and occurred on until at least the 19th century, when
dances for couples finally took over the formal dance. Many dances originated in popular forms but were given elegant formalizations for the elite ball. Dancing lessons were considered essential for both sexes. The
ballets de cour at the French court were part social dance and part performance. It declined in the later 17th century, whereupon the formal ball took over as a grand and large evening social event. Although most were strictly by invitation only, with printed invitations coming in the mid-18th century, some balls were public, either with tickets sold or in cases such as the celebration of royal events, open to anyone who was appropriately dressed. It was at
The Yew Tree Ball at
Versailles in 1745 (a public ball celebrating the royal wedding of
Madame de Pompadour's son), that Pompadour was able to meet the disguised King
Louis XV, dressed as a hedge. The distinction between a less formal "dance" and a formal "ball" was established very early, with improvised dancing happening after dinner, as it occurred in
Jane Austen's
Persuasion (1818). In the 19th century, the
dance card became common; here ladies recorded the names of the men who had booked a particular dance with them. The grandest balls were at the French court in the
Chateau de Versailles, with others in Paris. At royal balls, most guests did not expect to be able to dance, at least until very late in the night. Indeed, throughout the period dancers seem to have been a minority of the guests, and mostly drawn from the young and unmarried. Many guests were happy to talk, eat, drink, and watch. A
bal blanc ("white ball", as opposed to a
bal en blanc, merely with an all-white theme) was or is only for unmarried girls and their chaperones, with the women all in white dresses. The modern
debutante ball may or may not continue these traditions, but are typically worn with pure white
Ball gown and
opera-length white gloves.
Georgian England A well-documented ball occurred at
Kingston Lacy,
Dorset, England, on 19 December 1791. The occasion was to celebrate the completion of major alterations to the house and the event was organized by Frances Bankes, wife of
Henry Bankes, owner of the house. The event involved 140 guests, with dancing from 9pm to 7am, interrupted by
supper at 1am. They would all have had
dinner at home many hours earlier, before coming out. Other, grander, balls served supper even later, up to 3.30 a.m., at an 1811 London ball given by the
Duchess of Bedford. The
Duchess of Richmond's ball in
Brussels in 1815, dramatically interrupted by news of Napoleon's advance, and most males having to leave to rejoin their units for the
Battle of Waterloo the next day, has been described as "the most famous ball in history".
Colonial America Balls also took place in
Colonial America especially after the early 18th-century. The wealthy who participated in these dances followed a strict social code with mistakes in choreography scrutinized and a loss of prestige would follow excessive dance errors. ==See also==