On a trip to Spain in 1865, Édouard Manet visited the Prado, where the art of
Diego Velázquez was a revelation. Upon his return to Paris in 1866, he began work on a new painting, depicting an anonymous regimental fifer of the Spanish army. In this picture, Manet presents the uniformed boy, in a manner that imitates and inverts the formula of Vélazquez's court portraits, against a barely inflected, flattened background of neutral tone, thus frustrating attempts to assess the figure's true size and, by extension, importance. The painting, entitled
Le fifre, was rejected by the jury of the Salon of 1866. Outraged by the jury's decision,
Émile Zola, an early champion of Manet's art, published a series of articles in the newspaper ''L'Évenement,'' that praised Manet's realist style and modern content. Following the example of Gustave Courbet, in May 1867, Manet personally funded and mounted an exhibition of his own work in a pavilion at the edge of the Éxposition universelle. The exhibition included
Le fifre, which was ridiculed in the popular press for its unusual brushwork and inscrutable spatial setting. The painting was acquired by Durand-Ruell in 1872 and again in 1893. Between 1873 and 1893, the painting was owned by Manet's friend, composer and baritone
Jean-Baptiste Faure. It was included in a large exhibition of Manet's work in 1884, a year after his premature death.
Le fifre was accepted by the French government in lieu of taxes on the estate of its last private owner, the Count Isaac de Camondo, and entered the national collections in 1911. It was displayed at the
Louvre from 1914 until 1947, when it was relocated to the Musée du Jeu de Paume. It was included in the sweeping Manet retrospective held at the Grand Palais in 1983, the 100th anniversary of the artist's death. In 1986, it was moved to its current home in the Musée d'Orsay, the national museum of 19th-century art. It has since traveled in exposition; for example, in 2017 and 2018 it was on loan to the
Louvre Abu Dhabi museum in
Abu Dhabi,
UAE. ==Analysis==