C. S. Forester

blue plaque in East Dulwich, south London Forester was born in Cairo on 27 August 1899, fifth and youngest child of George Foster Smith and his wife Sarah Troughton. His father was an English teacher in a local school set up to give upper-class Egyptian boys an English education. His parents separated when he was young, and his mother took him to London, where he was educated at Alleyn's School and Dulwich College. He began to study medicine at Guy's Hospital, but left without completing his degree. He was somewhat athletic, wore glasses, and had a slender physique. He failed his Army physical and was told that there was no chance that he would be accepted. He began writing seriously, using his pen name, in around 1921. ==Second World War==

During the Second World War, Forester moved to Berkeley, California, where he worked for the British Ministry of Information and wrote propaganda to encourage the U.S. to join the Allies. According to Dahl's autobiography, Lucky Break, Forester asked him about his experiences as a fighter pilot, and this prompted Dahl to write his first story, "A Piece of Cake". ==Literary career==

'' in 1948. Forester wrote many novels, but he is best known for the 12-book Horatio Hornblower series about an officer in the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars. He began the series with Hornblower a captain in the first novel, The Happy Return, which was published in 1937, but demand for more stories led him to fill in Hornblower's life story, and he wrote novels detailing his rise from the rank of midshipman. The last completed novel was published in 1962. Hornblower's fictional adventures were based on real events, but Forester wrote the body of the works carefully to avoid entanglements with real world history, so that Hornblower is always off on another mission when a great naval battle occurs during the Napoleonic Wars. Forester's other novels include The African Queen (1935) and The General (1936); two novels about the Peninsular War, Death to the French in 1932 later on (published in the United States as Rifleman Dodd) and The Gun (filmed as The Pride and the Passion in 1957); and seafaring stories that do not involve Hornblower, such as Brown on Resolution (1929), The Captain from Connecticut (1941), The Ship (1943), and Hunting the Bismarck (1959), which was used as the basis of the screenplay for the film Sink the Bismarck! (1960). Several of his novels have been filmed, including The African Queen (1951), directed by John Huston. Forester is also credited as story writer on several films not based on his published novels, including Commandos Strike at Dawn (1942). Forester also wrote several volumes of short stories set during the Second World War. Those in The Nightmare (1954) were based on events in Nazi Germany, ending at the Nuremberg trials. The linked stories in The Man in the Yellow Raft (1969) follow the career of the destroyer USS Boon, while many of the stories in Gold from Crete (1971) follow the destroyer HMS Apache. The last of the stories in Gold from Crete is If Hitler Had Invaded England, which offers an imagined sequence of events starting with Hitler's attempt to implement Operation Sea Lion and culminating in the early military defeat of Nazi Germany in the summer of 1941. His non-fiction works about seafaring include The Age of Fighting Sail (1956), an account of the sea battles between Great Britain and the United States in the War of 1812. Forester also published the crime novels Payment Deferred (1926) and Plain Murder (1930), as well as two children's books. Poo-Poo and the Dragons (1942) was created as a series of stories told to his son George to encourage him to finish his meals. George had mild food allergies and needed encouragement to eat. The Barbary Pirates (1953) is a children's history of early 19th-century pirates. Forester appeared as a contestant on the television quiz programme You Bet Your Life, hosted by Groucho Marx, in an episode broadcast on 1 November 1956. A previously unknown novel of Forester's, The Pursued, was discovered in 2003 and published by Penguin Classics on 3 November 2011. == Personal life ==

Forester married Kathleen Belcher in 1926. They had two sons, John, born in 1929, and George, born in 1933. Forrester moved to Berkeley, California, US in 1940 to further his career in Hollywood, commuting back and forth from Los Angeles. He had previously commuted back and forth from London since the production of Payment Deferred in 1932, but felt exhausted from the culture in LA and felt he needed even the little distance Berkeley provided. He was stricken with arteriosclerosis while at sea on a research trip aboard the USS Tennessee (BB-43) in 1943 which would leave him crippled. Belcher and Forester divorced in 1945. Kathleen Belcher's greatuncle was Edward Belcher, who achieved renown as a hydrographer and explorer. After his retirement, Belcher devoted much of his time to writing. After penning biographical material, he turned his hand to naval fiction, inventing a character called Horatio Howard Brenton, and attributing great feats and adventures to him. It is possible that Forester found some inspiration in these stories for his own Horatio Hornblower. In 1947 Forester married another childhood friend, Dorothy Foster, as Forester's fortunes prospered from the successful releases of The African Queen and Captain Horatio Hornblower, the later which then Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret visited the set of, and Princess Margaret attended the London premiere. Queen Elizabeth offered to honor Forester with a Commander of the British Empire in her 1953 Coronation Honours, however he turned it down in the hope of a knighthood. Forester moved into his son John Forester's Fullerton, California home in 1959, suffered a stroke in 1964 which affected his ability to continue writing, and died on 2 April 1966. John Forester wrote a two-volume biography of his father, including many elements of Forester's life which became clear to his son only after his father's death. ==Bibliography==

In addition to providing the source material for numerous adaptations (not all of which are listed below), Forester was also credited as "adapted for the screen by" for Captain Horatio Hornblower. • Payment Deferred (1932), based on a 1931 play which was in turn based on Forester's novel of the same name • Brown on Resolution (1935), based on the novel of the same name • Eagle Squadron (1942), story • Commandos Strike at Dawn (1942), short story "The Commandos" • Forever and a Day (1943), story • Captain Horatio Hornblower (1951), based on the novels The Happy Return, A Ship of the Line and Flying Colours • The African Queen (1951), the novel of the same name • Sailor of the King (1953), the novel Brown on Resolution • The Pride and the Passion (1957), the novel The Gun • Sink the Bismarck! (1960), the novel The Last Nine Days of the Bismarck • Hornblower (1998–2003 series of made-for-television movies), based on the novels Mr. Midshipman Hornblower, Lieutenant Hornblower and Hornblower and the Hotspur • Greyhound (2020), the novel The Good Shepherd == See also ==