Frank Hague

Francis "Frank" Hague was born January 17, 1876, in Jersey City, New Jersey, In the Horseshoe, money was scarce but saloons plentiful; recreation for the local youths included visiting the wealthier parts of town to battle young "lace curtain" Irish. Frank Hague was born in a tenement known as "The Ark" – after a rainstorm, it was surrounded by stagnant water. Hague was expelled from school for poor attendance and unacceptable behavior before completing the sixth grade at Public School No. 21 in Jersey City. This completed his formal education before the age of 14. He worked briefly as a blacksmith's apprentice for the Erie Railroad, joining his father on the payroll. Why he left the employment of the railroad is not known. While training at a local gym for his own potential debut as a prizefighter, he arranged to become manager for Joe Craig, a professional lightweight boxer. Craig was successful enough to allow Hague to buy a few suits that made him appear successful. In 1896, Hague's apparent prosperity gained him the attention of local tavern owner "Nat" Kenny who was seeking a candidate for constable in the upcoming primary to run against the candidate of a rival tavern owner, though Hague was a lifelong teetotaler. Kenny provided Hague with $75 to "spread around", and Frank Hague, at age 20, won his first election by a ratio of three-to-one. ==Political rise==

Early advancement In entering politics in Jersey City, Hague joined a world where massive voter fraud was commonplace, accompanied by violence, though clubs were more often the weapon of choice than firearms. Hague's victory in the constable election brought him to the attention of Hudson County Democratic political boss Bob Davis, and Davis asked Hague to help get out Democratic votes for the upcoming 1897 mayoral election. Hague's efforts were credited with generating large voter turnout in the Second Ward for the 1897 and 1899 elections. As a reward for his work, Hague was appointed as a deputy sheriff at a salary of $25 per week. In 1901, Hague became a precinct leader in the Davis organization. In that year's mayoral election, Republican Mark M. Fagan was elected to the first of three consecutive two-year terms. Hague's Second Ward was one of only two that voted Democratic. Hague survived a Republican challenge for another term as constable the following year. Hague spent much time at City Hall, expanding his political contacts, and occasionally served a summons or took a convict to the state prison at Trenton. In 1903, he married Jenny Warner, also of the Horseshoe; they had two children, a daughter who died in infancy, and a son, Frank Hague Jr., who would become a judge of New Jersey's highest court. They also adopted a daughter, Margaret. As a ward leader, Hague was approached by a woman to aid her son. The son, Red Dugan, had been a classmate of Hague's and had been arrested in Massachusetts for forging a check. Hague ignored a subpoena to testify in Hudson County court and provided an alibi for Dugan. Hague and another deputy sheriff, Thomas "Skidder" Madigan, claimed that they had seen Dugan in Jersey City on the day of the offense, but their testimony conflicted with Dugan's confession. Both were threatened with perjury charges. Upon returning to Jersey City, Hague was found guilty of contempt of court for ignoring the subpoena. He was fined $100 and stripped of his office as deputy sheriff, but his willingness to help a friend endeared him to the residents of the Second Ward. Progressive voters outside the Horseshoe were less impressed, and the Dugan affair caused Hague difficulty in his citywide elections until he became mayor. Hague rose through the Democratic machine of Hudson County, which drew much of its strength by providing newly arrived immigrants with rudimentary social services. Hague took a job as a bill collector for a local brewery, leaving him with time to spend in the streets and the local taverns which were hubs of political activity. By 1906, Hague had become prominent enough that he could ask a job of Davis. He was given the position of sergeant at arms for the New Jersey General Assembly–the lower house of the legislature had just been captured by the Democrats, and in the division of the political spoils, the position of sergeant at arms fell to Hudson County. Davis also named Hague to the Democratic executive committee for Hudson County. City official Hague broke ties with "Boss" Davis in 1906 over a difference of opinion on a candidate for appointment to the city Street and Water Board. As a result, Hague supported H. Otto Wittpenn for mayor in the 1907 election. Wittpenn was a reformer who opposed the control Davis held over Hudson County politics. Nevertheless, he made a deal with Davis to gain election over Fagan in 1907. Over the objections of Davis, newly elected Mayor Wittpenn appointed Hague as chief custodian of City Hall – an easy job with plenty of patronage opportunities. Davis tried to deprive Hague of the office, but Hague outmaneuvered him. Hague also became friendly with Wittpenn's secretary – a Presbyterian Sunday school teacher named A. Harry Moore. Probably the first Protestant Hague knew personally, Moore would be presented by Hague to the Irish Catholics of Jersey City in future elections as a WASP trustworthy because Hague controlled him. Moore would serve three terms as governor of New Jersey. Another lasting alliance Hague made was with John Milton, a young lawyer who would advise him in the decades to come, and who would become a United States Senator. In 1909 Davis supported Wittpenn's successful re-election against former mayor Fagan. Hague's Second Ward produced the largest plurality of Wittpenn votes of any of Jersey City's 12 wards. Wittpenn in 1910 sought the Democratic nomination for governor, with Hague's support. Davis worked to defeat him, and the nomination went to the president of Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson. The nominee requested that Wittpenn withdraw a rival slate to Davis's in Jersey City to ensure party unity; Wittpenn agreed over Hague's objection, who kept the slate in the Second Ward from withdrawing. Hague's candidates were defeated, and the incident could have ruined Hague's political career, but by then Wittpenn and Hague had learned of Davis's maneuvering to defeat the mayor's candidacy and allied against Davis. Hague and Wittpenn were able to claim credit for Wilson's victory, and Davis died in early 1911. Davis's death contributed to Hague's rise, since Wittpenn, who desired to succeed Wilson as governor, did not control Democratic politics in Hudson County as thoroughly as Davis had. Hague in 1911 was elected street and water commissioner. The new position greatly expanded Hague's patronage powers. While City Hall employed a few dozen custodians, there were hundreds of workers in the Street and Water Department. One of the greatest boosts to Hague's rise to power was the Walsh Act of 1911. This legislation, backed by Governor Wilson, allowed municipalities to adopt a nonpartisan commission form of government, with each commissioner assigned specific responsibilities. Jersey City adopted it, with the first elections held in 1913. Originally, Hague opposed commission government, but saw that it would be easier to control a five-member commission than a large city council, and was a candidate, presenting himself as a reformer who was sacrificing two years of his elected term as street commissioner to serve on the new body. He broke with Wittpenn, who was again seeking election as governor following Wilson's elevation to the presidency, backing James Fielder, who defeated Wittpenn for the nomination. Hague's work as head of the Department of Street Cleaners even convinced The Jersey Journal to endorse him as a reform candidate. Under the Walsh Act as adopted in Jersey City, power would mean controlling at least three of the five commissionerships. Hague and Moore allied with former mayor Fagan to form a slate before the June 10, 1913, election. Although two Wittpenn men were also chosen, Hague, a member of Jersey City's largest ethnic bloc, Irish Catholics, was seen as a voice of change in a city long dominated by Protestants of the Republican Party. Hague took steps to curb the police department's lackadaisical work ethic, purging the force of drunkards and others who had gained and kept their jobs through their political connections. He announced that no longer would it be possible to break the law and bribe a politician to get away with it. Commissioner Hague led high-profile campaigns against threats to public safety, which had the effect of promoting him as someone who knew how to get things done. He kept his immigrant base onside by ignoring violations of the blue laws by saloons. Upon discovering in early 1916 that millions of pounds of munitions were being stockpiled on the Jersey City waterfront prior to their shipment to the Allies of World War I, Hague traveled to Washington, D.C. to register concerns for the safety of his constituents. His meetings with congressmen resulted in no action. Hague's concerns were shown to be valid in July 1916 when the Black Tom explosion caused $20 million in damage, including to the nearby Statue of Liberty. Hague's influence grew, and he was able to undermine Wittpenn's 1916 campaign for governor. While the evidence is scant, Hague is believed to have made a deal with Republican candidate Walter Edge's campaign manager, the Republican boss of Atlantic City, Nucky Johnson. Instead of receiving a 20,000-plus vote margin in Hudson County, as had the past two Democratic candidates including Wilson, Wittpenn, who lived in Hudson County, won there by only 7,400 votes and was defeated statewide. According to author and judge Nelson Johnson, "From then on, Otto Wittpenn and the progressive wing of the Democratic Party were no longer a factor in Frank Hague's political calculations." Hague gained popularity with a well-publicized incident where he led a posse to Newark and captured Michael Rombolo, who had killed Frank Kenny, son of saloon owner Ned Kenny. Hague himself took down the armed killer, who was returned to Jersey City in Hague's car amid a parade of honking vehicles crossing the Hackensack River from Newark. In 1917, Hague, with his reputation as the man who cleaned up the police force, ran for re-election. He put together a commission ticket called "The Unbossed". Wittpenn and Fagan begged President Wilson for help against Hague, but according to Thomas Fleming in his history of the state, "Wilson was too absorbed with saving the world to pay any more attention to New Jersey." Hague's ticket swept all five spots on the commission. with Hague finishing second in number of votes to Moore, and the new commissioners chose Hague as mayor. He would remain a power in Jersey City, Hudson County, New Jersey and the nation for the next thirty years. Wrote historian Steven Hart, "The city election of 1917 would later be seen as the death of the Progressive movement in New Jersey, though few realized it at the time since talk of reform was still thick in the air." ==Mayor==

Rising figure After his election as mayor, Hague quickly sought to increase taxes on the railroads and utility companies that occupied much of Jersey City's land but paid minimal property taxes. The taxes were passed but were soon reversed by the statewide tax board in Trenton. Hague realized that he needed not only to control Hudson County, but the entire state of New Jersey, and sought a pliable candidate for governor for the next election in 1919. He decided on Hudson County's state senator, Edward I. Edwards, who was best known for his service as state comptroller, during which he had docked Wilson's pay for the time he spent running for president. Opponents had trouble finding anyone willing to oppose Edwards for the nomination, and eventually Essex County's Democratic boss Jim Nugent ran. Edwards won the primary election by a large margin and, at Hague's urging, ran on the issue of Prohibition, which Hague believed unpopular in the state, with Edwards pledging to make New Jersey "wetter than the Atlantic Ocean". With 20 of New Jersey's 21 counties reporting, the Republican, Newton Bugbee, had a 21,000-vote lead, a lead swamped by the 36,000-vote margin posted for Edwards in Hudson County. As one of his first acts, Edwards fired the entire tax assessments board; the new board approved Hague's taxes on the railroads and utilities. In part due to increased taxes on non-local corporations such as railroads, by 1930 Jersey City had the highest municipal tax rate in the nation. Through Edwards, Hague was able to select Hudson County's judges and prosecutors, making himself immune from investigation. The revenue from the new taxes allowed Hague to hire his supporters and provide social service programs to the electorate. Hague proclaimed himself leader of the New Jersey Democratic Party, and Edwards allowed him to recommend dozens of appointments to high state offices. Democrats won five out of eight gubernatorial races between 1919 and 1940, more often than not due to massive landslides in Hudson County. However, he was never able to extend his dominance to the state legislature, which remained Republican in most years. Hague led the battle against the proposal, which was defeated thanks to Hudson County voters' overwhelming opposition. To defeat a critic, Robert Carey, who sought the Republican gubernatorial nomination in 1928, and who Hague believed would be harder to beat, Hague got 20,000 Democrats who had not voted in the previous year's primary to vote for Morgan F. Larson in the Republican primary. State law at the time allowed those who had not voted in the previous year's primary election to vote in any party primary without penalty. Hague's string of victories in gubernatorial elections ended, though, as Larson was elected. , 1936 Hague's meddling in the 1928 Republican primary led to the last serious effort by Republicans to deny him re-election, in the 1929 municipal elections. Despite this effort, Hague's ticket defeated a fusion ticket of Republicans and dissident Democrats by just under 45,000 votes, the smallest margin by which he ever won re-election. A joint legislative committee investigated the goings-on in Hudson County; Hague testified before it. The subsequent report showed that Hague had taken advantage of loopholes in the election laws, but the report did not show he had committed any crimes. By 1930, Hague controlled 5,600 city positions and 1,700 Hudson County jobs. Following his success in the 1933 municipal elections, the Republican county supervisor of elections alleged massive fraud and demanded access to the ballot boxes. He was blocked by an injunction issued by Judge Thomas J. Brogan, former Jersey City corporation counsel, who ruled that the supervisor had no power to inspect the boxes even though no votes had been recorded for the opposition in one district. Several affidavits had been filed by voters saying they had voted for opposition candidates in that district. The new county prosecutor, appointed by Governor Larson, a Republican, attempted to bring charges, but there was conflict with the grand jury which lasted until the prosecutor's term expired in 1934, and he was replaced by Governor Moore (then serving his second term) with a Hague adherent. In a similar case in 1937, Brogan ruled that though the boxes could be opened, no one had the right to look inside, therefore it was pointless to open the boxes. In that year's gubernatorial election, Moore won over Republican Lester Clee with Hudson County turning an 85,000-vote deficit into a 45,000-vote victory for Moore. This time the Republicans demanded a recount in Hudson County, and it was performed by the county board of elections under Brogan's supervision. Brogan dismissed a petition challenging the outcome. In January, he swore in Moore for a third term. National figure Hague met the governor of New York, Al Smith, at the 1920 Democratic National Convention. The two quickly formed a close friendship, bonded by similar slum upbringings as Irish-American Catholics at a time when there was much prejudice towards them. In addition to their personal friendship (the Hagues and Smiths often vacationed together), Hague backed Smith for president at the 1924 Democratic National Convention, switching to him after initially backing New Jersey's favorite son, Governor Silzer, but after 103 ballots, the nomination went to former West Virginia representative John W. Davis. Although his candidate was not nominated, the convention made Hague a national figure as he was elected vice chairman of the Democratic National Committee. Nevertheless, Hague could not deliver New Jersey for Davis, as Calvin Coolidge won the state by more than 378,000 votes. Smith was nominated by the Democrats in 1928 for president, but did not win nor take New Jersey. Hague characterized investigations into him that year as an attempt to prevent Smith from winning the state. In the 1932 United States presidential election, Hague backed Smith against Franklin D. Roosevelt during the race for the Democratic nomination. At the convention Hague alleged that Roosevelt could not win the election and would lose every state east of the Mississippi. Nevertheless, Roosevelt was nominated, and Hague acted quickly to preserve his influence and power in the party. He telephoned Roosevelt's campaign manager, James A. Farley, and offered the New Jersey governor's summer residence in Sea Girt for Roosevelt's campaign kickoff. Farley accepted, and on August 27, 1932, Hague arranged for a crowd of more than 100,000 people, many brought by train, to greet Roosevelt. The nominee stated, "There is no general who could have assembled such a host as my old friend, the mayor of Jersey City", words that were taken as forgiveness of Hague. In November, Roosevelt won the presidency and became the first Democratic candidate since Wilson to win New Jersey, by 31,000 votes, aided by a margin of 118,000 votes from Hudson County. ' 1946 home opener, Roosevelt Stadium. Roosevelt's New Deal program resulted in massive federal payments to the states. In most states these payments went through the governor (especially if a Democrat), but in New Jersey they went through Hague, allowing him to control employment on a large scale. Hague had some years previously opened the Margaret Hague Maternity Hospital; this was greatly added to, becoming the Jersey City Medical Center, which was dedicated by Hague and Roosevelt on October 2, 1936. This at the time was the third largest hospital in the world, and services were provided, for the most part, for free. These funds would also build Jersey City's Roosevelt Stadium, where in 1946, Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in Organized Baseball. Roosevelt, a close political ally, was an active protector of Hague. In 1938, for example, Farley, the postmaster general, reported to the president that a Jersey City machine functionary was reading the mail of one of Hague's political enemies. Despite the fact that the person whose mail was opened wanted prosecutions, Hague was not charged. Farley remembered, "We had a hell of a time getting Hague out of that one." Decline and retirement Hague disliked the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO), in part because he deemed it communistic, and in part because he wanted to give Jersey City a pro-business image. He also viewed it as a threat to his control of the state Democratic Party. In 1937, he decided to ban CIO organizers from the city. Those that defied the ban were beaten and jailed, or deported to New York City. Periodicals that reported on this could not be sold in Jersey City. The city refused all permits for CIO rallies, and no private hall in the city would rent to it. The organization sued, and in 1939 the Supreme Court, in the case of Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization, ruled against him. According to Fishman, "a landmark ruling from the U.S. Supreme Court was required to extend the First Amendment to Jersey City". Similarly, Hague saw the socialist Norman Thomas as a communist, and city police stood by while Hague partisans disrupted Thomas's speeches, after which Hague banned Thomas from making speeches within the city limits. Already damaged because of his anti-union activities, Hague's reputation took another blow in 1940 with the publication of Dayton David McKean's book The Boss: The Hague Machine in Action. Although there had been exposés of Hague before, they did little damage and he rather enjoyed the notoriety. McKean's book, prepared with the secret assistance of a Hague enemy, lawyer and future Chief Justice of New Jersey Arthur T. Vanderbilt, was widely reviewed and read. Vanderbilt's goal was to taint Hague in the eyes of Democratic leaders, and according to Johnson, he was successful. Also in 1940, an anti-Hague Democrat, Charles Edison, was elected as New Jersey's governor. Edison, son of the inventor, had served as Secretary of the Navy in Roosevelt's cabinet, and Roosevelt wanted to replace him. Hague reluctantly agreed to support Edison, and Hudson County turned out in its usual numbers to elect him. Once elected, Edison lost no time in breaking with Hague: One story is that his first act on reaching the governor's office was to rip out the direct line from Hague. Roosevelt took a nuanced stance between them, knowing Hague was likely to be in office once Edison had left his, and he needed Hudson County to win New Jersey. Roosevelt had hoped Edison could wrest control of the Democratic Party from Hague, allowing Roosevelt to win New Jersey while jettisoning the notorious mayor, but was unwilling to aid Edison for fear of angering Hague. According to Lyle W. Dorsett in his essay on Hague, "Roosevelt refused to destroy Haguewhich he certainly could have donebecause the man who ruled Jersey City politics for nearly half a century was more valuable to the President at the helm of New Jersey’s [Democratic Party] than he was in prison." In 1943, former governor Walter Edge was returned to office. Edge's attorney general, Walter Van Riper, initiated several investigations of Hague's activities, and tried to diminish Hague's control of law enforcement in Hudson County. Within months, though, a federal grand jury indicted Van Riper, though he was acquitted. According to Vernon, the files indicate that Roosevelt played a part in getting charges brought against Van Riper, which ensured there would be no case against Hague. Hague's machine continued to weaken as World War II ended. The Irish were increasingly becoming a minority in Jersey City as other groups moved in, and with a greater governmental safety net including Social Security, the citizens were less dependent on Hague's largesse. The mayor preferred to give major patronage positions to fellow Irish, causing resentment in other groups. Hague's role allowed him to gain wealth well beyond his salary, which never exceeded $7,500, with a fourteen-room duplex in Jersey City's finest apartment building, a mansion on the Jersey Shore, and a rented villa in Florida every winter. Hague was increasingly absent from Jersey City as he aged, spending time on the shore and in Florida. Although the opposition doubled its previous showing, Hague's ticket still dominated the 1945 municipal elections, winning by 50,000 votes. Edge was hostile to Hague in his second term as governor; his successor, Alfred Driscoll, wooed Hague to achieve the constitutional reform in New Jersey that Hague had long torpedoed, granting him some state-appointed positions. Hague dropped his opposition to the new constitution, which easily passed in 1947. There were signs that Hague's time had passed; the machine in the neighboring city of Hoboken was defeated by a ticket of three Italian-Americans and two Irish. Hague abruptly announced his retirement on June 4, 1947. However, he was able to have his nephew, Frank Hague Eggers, chosen as his successor. It was generally understood that Hague still held the real power, and he remained deputy chair of the Democratic National Committee. Despite leaving office, Hague generated a huge majority in Hudson County for President Harry Truman in the 1948 presidential election, though it was not enough to win the state. Hague's power in Jersey City ended in 1949 when John V. Kenny, a former Hague ward leader alienated by the appointment of Eggers, put together his own commission ticket, and included a Polish-American and an Italian-American. Kenny's ticket was able to oust the Hague/Eggers ticket from power. Kenny proved unable to successfully deal with the departure of the middle class for suburban homes, and Jersey City became largely impoverished. ==Final years==

Even after the election of Kenny, Hague remained in control of the county and state Democratic organizations, but his loss of power was shown when he could not carry the state or even Hudson County for the Democrat, Elmer Wene, in the 1949 gubernatorial election, as Driscoll won re-election. Hague spent his final years in exile from Jersey City, fearing subpoenas. He divided his time between a luxurious apartment in New York City and a mansion on Biscayne Bay in Florida. The last vestige of his power fell in 1952, when he was replaced as vice chair of the Democratic National Committee, Hague died on January 1, 1956, at his duplex apartment in Manhattan, New York City. His body was taken to Jersey City for the funeral. While hundreds gathered to see the casket depart Quinn's funeral home on Academy Street in Jersey City, only four men were seen to remove their hats for the passing of the coffin. One woman present held an American flag and a sign that read: "God have mercy on his sinful, greedy soul." Hague was laid to rest in a large mausoleum at Holy Name Cemetery in Jersey City. ==Techniques==

Hague, trained in the Horseshoe where politics and pageantry intermingled, made each of his political fights, even the small ones, into dramatic battles which he vividly presented to the voters. This also made good newspaper copy, allowing him to dictate much of his public portrayal. For example, The Hudson Observer headlined the 1917 municipal election as "Commissioner Hague's Manly Fight." Prior to each primary or general election, Hague would meet with hundreds of members of his organization and urge them to get out the vote. They responded: in a typical Hudson County election under Hague, 92 percent of eligible individuals were registered voters, among whom there was an 85 percent turnout rate, often making the difference for Democratic candidates between victory statewide and defeat. Hudson County had the most registered voters in the state in 1927, despite being second in population to Essex County per the 1920 census. Dayton David McKean, who wrote a well-researched book hostile to Hague in 1940, deemed Hague's ability to get out almost as many votes to defeat the 1927 constitutional amendment referendum as he did for a gubernatorial election as "almost miraculous... [it] surpasses comparison, almost belief". Hague went beyond the standard of many political bosses who were shadowy figures behind the scenes, for he was on the ballot every four years. In a time when there was only a limited social safety net, he provided jobs for his supporters in exchange for votes, acting through his network of neighborhood leaders, male and female. Despite frequent stories of electoral fraud, he perfected techniques of canvassing, getting his base of working class voters, who held Hague in high esteem, to the polls. Those wanting to work for Jersey City or Hudson County were expected to repay the favor of their hiring with loyalty, votes, and three percent of their salary to Hague's machine. Suppliers and contractors were expected to kick back ten percent of the value of the contract, and the rackets, such as bookmakers, protected by the Hague organization were also expected to pay. Although a Democrat, Hague had no compunction about making deals with Republicans in the state senate or the governor's mansion to maintain his power. Hague fostered good relations with various organizations in Jersey City, seeking to make them if not appendages of his own organization, then at least places where dissent could not grow. Principal among these was the Catholic Church, which had 75 percent of the church membership in Jersey City. Political action by clerics was discouraged, and the tendency of the church in Jersey City to divide among parish lines was encouraged. Some assistance was direct–in 1918, Hudson County legislators obtained legislation allowing police and fire precincts to hire chaplains, and this was widely-used in Jersey City. In fact, the county mechanics bureau had three chaplains, one Catholic, one Protestant and one Jewish. After a snowstorm, city employees cleared the snow from Catholic schools without any issue of church-state separation being raised. Protestant clergy were frequent critics of Hague in the 1920s, but his anti-Communist crusade in the 1930s and his tight control of saloons following Prohibition muted that criticism. Hague always included at least one Protestant on his ticket for the city commission. ==Legacy and historical view==

Hague served an unequaled 30 years as mayor of Jersey City, seven full terms and part of an eighth. His time as mayor, known as the "Hague Era", is associated with bossism. Hague has often been described as corrupt, something Leonard Vernon, who wrote a 2011 biography of Hague, believed unfair and derived from McKean's earlier book on Hague. Vernon cited as an example Hague's characterization in the HBO series Boardwalk Empire, about 1930s Atlantic City and its Republican boss, Nucky Johnson, in which Hague is seen with a glass in his hand and a woman on his lap, something uncharacteristic of Hague, a lifelong teetotaler about whom there was no hint of extramarital scandal. Vernon believed that McKean's book has done more damage to Hague's reputation than any other work. Nelson Johnson agreed, "No one did more to sully Frank Hague's name in American history than Dayton David McKean. Thanks to McKean's book, Hague's image in twentieth-century urban history is beyond rehabilitation." Hague is remembered for saying, "Listen, here is the law! I am the law!" William Safire noted that this famous quotation is taken out of context. Hague was trying to allow two boys to go to work, as they wanted, and fulfill their schooling requirements at night school, which he was told by officials was not legal. According to Safire, "but because Mayor Hague was surely an autocratic political boss, the words were taken out of context and used against him. Today, the attempt to help a couple of poor youths is forgotten, and the line is always quoted as the American equivalent to Louis XIV's 'I am the State'." According to Hart, "In terms of power and longevity, only Chicago mayor Richard J. Daley rates as Hague's peer as a political boss." McKean, writing in 1940, stated, "Even Tammany Hall, the prototype of all machine politics, never dominated New York as Hague and his political associates have dominated Jersey City and Hudson County. Richard J. Connors, in his book on Hague's years in power, believed that Hague fell because he would not put in the same amount of work to keep power as he had to gain it, "The Boss game has its rules. Frank Hague violated too many of them." According to Fleming, "the boldness with which the boss of bosses combined corruption and power became a legacy that continues to haunt New Jersey". Vernon believed the negative portrayal of Hague by historians to be unjust, or at least incomplete: "History, legend and lore has firmly planted Frank Hague's career in the spectrum of morally gray, and there is no doubt that the placement is an accurate one. But if one is to delve further into this often-used analogy, one must first concede that gray is not a true color, but rather a blend of black and white. The reviewers of Hague's clearly ambiguous legacy have chosen to separate out the two elements and concentrate entirely on the black." According to Matthew Raffety in his journal article on Hague's early career, "It will be impossible for Jersey City to forget the Hague years. The city is dotted with buildings and monuments erected during his mayoralty, including the massive Jersey City Medical Center that continues to dominate the skyline. But just as Jersey City bears the physical legacy of Frank Hague's reign, so too do its politics." According to historian Robert Fishman in the American National Biography entry on Hague: ==See also==