In 1899, a six-article "Declaration of Principles" was adopted by many Spiritualist groups.. Three other articles were added at a later date. By no means do all Spiritualist denominations or individual churches affirm these principles, but because of their historical significance in setting the beliefs of modern Spiritualism, all nine articles are quoted in full below. The influence of
Unitarianism is obvious in the definition of God in principle one. • We believe in Infinite Intelligence; • We believe that the phenomena of Nature, both physical and spiritual, are the expression of Infinite Intelligence; • We affirm that a correct understanding of such expression and living in accordance therewith constitute true religion; • We affirm that the existence and personal identity of the individual continue after the change called death; • We affirm that communication with the so-called dead is a fact, scientifically proven by the phenomena of Spiritualism; • We believe that the highest morality is contained in the Golden Rule: "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you." (
Principles 1–6 adopted in Chicago, Illinois, 1899. Principle 6 revised in Ronkonkorma, New York, 2004.) • We affirm the moral responsibility of the individual, and that we make our own happiness or unhappiness as we obey or disobey Nature's physical and spiritual laws; • We affirm that the doorway to reformation is never closed against any soul here or hereafter; (
Principles 7–8 adopted in Rochester, New York, 1909 and revised in Rochester, New York, 2001. • We affirm that the precept of
Prophecy and
Healing are
Divine attributes proven through
Mediumship. (
Principle 9 adopted in St. Louis, Missouri, 1944, revised in Oklahoma City, 1983 and in Westfield, New Jersey, 1998. Definitions Over the years, other statements have been adopted on "What Spiritualism Is and Does" and "Spiritual Healing." A set of "Definitions" has also been approved. The two issues of "reincarnation" and the relation of
Spiritualism to
Christianity have been the major questions dividing Spiritualists. Differing answers to these two questions have split the NSAC on several occasions, and dissent led independent Spiritualists to form their own organizations instead of joining the NSAC. These were adopted in October 1914, 1919, 1930, 1950 during the organization's annual convention. • Spiritualism is the Science, Philosophy and Religion of continuous life, based upon the demonstrated fact of communication, by means of mediumship, with those who live in the Spirit World. (1919) • Spiritualism Is a Science Because it investigates, analyzes and classifies facts and manifestations demonstrated from the spirit side of life. • Spiritualism Is a Philosophy because it studies the Laws of Nature both on the seen and unseen sides of life and bases its conclusions upon present observed facts. It accepts statements of observed facts of past ages and conclusions drawn therefrom, when sustained by reason and by results of observed facts of the present day. • Spiritualism Is a Religion because it strives to understand and to comply with the Physical, Mental and Spiritual Laws of Nature, which are the laws of God. • A Spiritualist is one who believes, as the basis of his or her religion, in the communication between this and the Spirit World by means of mediumship and who endeavors to mould his or her character and conduct in accordance with the highest teachings derived from such communication. (1914, Rev. 1938) • A Medium is one whose organism is sensitive to vibrations from the spirit world and through whose instrumentality, intelligences in that world are able to convey messages and produce the phenomena of Spiritualism. (1914) • A Spiritualist Healer is one who, either through one's own inherent powers or through mediumship, is able to impart vital, curative force to pathologic conditions. (1930, 1993) • The Phenomena of Spiritualism consists of Prophecy, Clairvoyance, Clairaudience, Gift of Tongues, Laying on of Hands, Healing, Visions, Trance, Apports, Levitation, Raps, Automatic and Independent Writings and Paintings, Voice, Materialization, Photography, Psychometry and any other manifestation proving the continuity of life as demonstrated through the Physical and Spiritual senses and faculties of man. (1950)
Reincarnation Reincarnation is the belief that spirits or souls are caught in a cycle of death and rebirth, being born into new bodies in each new life until they are freed from this cycle by some means. Reincarnation has been a disputed doctrine within the American Spiritualist movement from its very early years, although debate around it increased significantly with the publication of
spiritist Allan Kardec's
The Spirits Book and with the rise of
Theosophy in the late 1800s. Spiritualists have given multiple reasons for opposing or promoting the idea of reincarnation. Some have argued that the soul's ability to progress to higher states rests both in its immortality and its ability to gain experience and knowledge across multiple lives. "The experience of life is the food on which the soul grows," wrote Theosophist L. W. Rogers in 1917.. Others pointed to the curious phenomena of young children recounting experiences from past-lives, or the appearance of birthmarks or other unusual features that correspond with marks or injuries on their alleged previous bodies. Some early Spiritualist thinkers, such as
Andrew Jackson Davis, opposed reincarnation because they saw it as inconsistent with natural law. To Davis, natural law keeps the world in an active state of continual refinement and progression toward higher and more complex forms. He argued that each immortal soul has one individual identity that it creates in its time on earth and keeps as it progresses through the afterlife. This soul is also subject to natural law, which actively prompts its development toward higher spiritual states. Reincarnation, in this light, is inconsistent with natural law, because it would allow regression to a previous state (a life on earth) and it would force the soul to create additional identities, which it is not able to accommodate. Other Spiritualists, while more open to the possibility of reincarnation, have simply objected to the teaching of reincarnation until it is able to be confirmed by scientific means. This latter argument was cited when delegates to the 1930 NSAC convention voted in a resolution that banned the teaching or promotion of the principle of reincarnation by NSAC members. The resolution did not settle the issue once and for all, but the official stance of the organization since at least 1996 has been less restrictive.It states that the "theory of reincarnation has not yet been satisfactorily proven, nor has it been satisfactorily disproven." This means that chartered auxilaries are free to teach and discuss reincarnation and individual Spiritualists are free to make up their own mind on the subject. So, the validity of reincarnation is not maintained as fact from the podium, but it can be addressed in unofficial gatherings.
Christianity "Are Spiritualists also Christians?" was debated by the NSAC and generally decided in the negative. While the NSAC has drawn heavily on the Christian faith, from which most members came, it identifies its members as Spiritualists. The specifically "
Christian Spiritualists" were found in other bodies such as the Progressive Spiritualist Church and the
Spiritual Church Movement. Some Spiritualists differentiate between primitive Christianity, which they believe themselves to be following and practicing, and contemporary
orthodox Christianity, which they strictly differentiate from both primitive Christianity and Spiritualism. ==Structure==