Mount Taranaki

The name Taranaki is from the Māori language. The mountain was named after Rua Taranaki, the first ancestor of the iwi (tribe) called Taranaki, one of several iwi in the region. The Māori word tara means mountain peak, and naki may come from ngaki, meaning "clear of vegetation." It was also named ("ice mountain") and ("hill of Naki") by iwi who lived in the region in "ancient times". Captain Cook named it Mount Egmont on 11 January 1770 after John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont, a former First Lord of the Admiralty who had supported the concept of an oceanic search for Terra Australis Incognita. Cook described it as "of a prodigious height and its top cover'd with everlasting snow," surrounded by a "flat country ... which afforded a very good aspect, being clothed with wood and verdure". When the French explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne saw the mountain on 25 March 1772 he named it . He was unaware of Cook's earlier visit. It appeared as Mount Egmont on maps until 29 May 1986, when the name officially became "Mount Taranaki or Mount Egmont" following a decision by the Minister of Lands, Koro Wētere. The Egmont name no longer applies to the national park that surrounds the peak, but some geologists still refer to the peak as the Egmont Volcano. As part of the Treaty of Waitangi settlement with Ngā Iwi o Taranaki, a group of tribes in the region, the mountain was officially renamed Taranaki Maunga. The settlement was initialled on 31 March 2023, The official name changed to Taranaki Maunga on 1 April 2025. Some iwi in the region had referred to the mountain as Taranaki Mounga rather than Taranaki Maunga, per the local Māori dialect. == Geology ==

Mount Taranaki is situated in the sedimentary Taranaki Basin and is part of the Taranaki Volcanic Lineament which has had a north to south migration over the last 1.75 million years. Under the volcano itself there is high heat flow with only about crustal thickness although this rapidly normalises for continental crust to east of the volcano and to the west. The oldest volcanic remnants consist of a series of lava plugs: Paritutu Rock (156 metres), which forms part of New Plymouth's harbour, and the Sugar Loaf Islands close offshore. These have been dated at 1.75 million years. On the coast, 15 kilometres southwest of New Plymouth is the Kaitake Range (682 metres), last active over 500,000 years ago. Between 1755 and 1800, an eruption sent a pyroclastic flow down the mountain's northeast flanks, and a moderate ash eruption occurred about 1755, of the size of Ruapehu's activity in 1995/1996. The last major eruption occurred around 1655. Recent research has shown that over the last 9,000 years minor eruptions have occurred roughly every 90 years on average, with major eruptions every 500 years. Some of these eruptions may have occurred with very brief warning, of only days or less. However in the Holocene there have been at least 138 eruptions, Such collapse debris fields have been found up to beyond the coast. == Climate ==

{{Weather box|width=auto {{Weather box|width=auto == Māori mythology ==

According to Māori mythology, Taranaki once resided in the middle of the North Island, with all the other New Zealand volcanoes. The beautiful Pihanga was coveted by all the mountains, and a great battle broke out between them. Tongariro eventually won the day, inflicted great wounds on the side of Taranaki, and causing him to flee. Taranaki headed westwards, following Te Toka a Rahotu (the Rock of Rahotu) and forming the deep gorges of the Whanganui River, paused for a while, creating the depression that formed the Ngaere swamp, then heading north. Further progress was blocked by the Pouākai Ranges, and as the sun came up Taranaki became petrified in his current location. When Taranaki conceals himself with rainclouds, he is said to be crying for his lost love, and during spectacular sunsets, he is said to be displaying himself to her. In turn, Tongariro's eruptions are said to be a warning to Taranaki not to return. == History ==

The mountain was tapu in Māori culture and at the time of European settlement not climbed by them. In 1839 the mountain was climbed by James Heberley, a whaler who reached the summit first, and the Swiss-trained doctor and naturalist Ernst Dieffenbach. Dieffenbach was employed by the New Zealand Company to advise on the potential of land he explored in the North Island in 1839–40. The Waitangi Tribunal, in its 1996 report, Kaupapa Tuatahi, observed: "We are unaware of the evidence that the hapū agreed to this arrangement. Many who made submissions to us were adamant that most knew nothing of it." It cited a submission that suggested the political climate of 1975 was such that the board felt it was necessary to perform a gesture of goodwill designed to create a more favourable environment within which a monetary settlement could be negotiated. Because of its resemblance to Mount Fuji, Taranaki provided the backdrop for the 2003 film The Last Samurai. It is the third geographic feature in the country to be granted a legal personality, after Te Urewera and Whanganui River. On 2 December 2019, an agreement between the Crown and Ngā Iwi o Taranaki was announced that the mountain was to only be referred to as Taranaki Maunga. On 30 January 2025, the New Zealand Parliament passed legislation recognising it as a legal person under the name Taranaki Maunga, with Mount Egmont ceasing to be an official name. In addition, the Crown apologised to eight Māori iwi for confiscating Mount Taranaki and 1.2 million acres of Māori lands in the Taranaki region. == National park ==

In 1881, a circular area with a radius of six miles (9.6 km) from the summit was protected as a forest reserve. Areas encompassing the older volcanic remnants of Pouākai and Kaitake were later added to the reserve and in 1900 all this land was designated as Egmont National Park, the second national park in New Zealand. There are parts of the national park where old-growth forests are found. With intensively-farmed dairy pasture right up to the park boundary, the change in vegetation is sharply delineated as a circular shape in satellite images. == Recreation ==

The Stratford Mountain Club operates the Manganui skifield on the eastern slope. Equipment access to the skifield is by flying fox across the Manganui Gorge. The Taranaki Alpine Club maintains Tahurangi Lodge on the north slope of the mountain, next to the television tower. The lodge is frequently used as the base for public climbs to the summit held in the summer months. The various climbing and tramping clubs organise these public events and provide informal guides. Syme Hut is located near Fanthams Peak. It is maintained by the Department of Conservation and is available to trampers on a first come first served basis. Weather on the mountain can change rapidly, which has caught inexperienced trampers and climbers unawares. As of 27 June 2017, 84 people have died on the mountain since records began in 1891, many having been caught by a sudden change in the weather. In terms of fatalities this mountain is the second most dangerous mountain in New Zealand after Aoraki / Mount Cook. == Access ==

There are three roads on the mountain's eastern slopes that lead part-way up the mountain with many more around the foot of the mountain that access walking tracks. The highest access road reaches the East Egmont plateau, with a viewing platform and parking facilities for the skifield. It lies at the transition between subalpine scrub and alpine herbfields. There are park visitor centres at North Egmont and at the waterfall Te Rere o Kapuni on the southeast side. The eastern side from Stratford leads to the Stratford Mountain House, and the ski field. There is poor road access on the western side beyond the bush line. However, a road winds for 10 km through native bush over the saddle between Pouākai and Kaitake. Near the top of this road is the renowned Pukeiti Trust rhododendron garden. == Transmitter ==

The Mount Taranaki transmitter is the main television and FM radio transmitter for the Taranaki region. It is located on the north-eastern slope of the mountain adjacent to Tahurangi Lodge. The first transmitter at the site was commissioned by the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation (NZBC) in 1966 to relay Wellington's WNTV1 channel (now part of TVNZ 1). ==See also==