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O Brother, Where Art Thou?

O Brother, Where Art Thou? is a 2000 satirical comedy-drama musical film written, produced, co-edited, and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen. It stars George Clooney, John Turturro, and Tim Blake Nelson, with Charles Durning, Michael Badalucco, John Goodman and Holly Hunter in supporting roles.

Plot
In the summer of 1937, three convicts – Pete, Delmar and leader Ulysses Everett McGill – escape from a chain gang to retrieve a buried treasure before the area is flooded to make a lake. The three get a lift from a blind man driving a handcar on a railroad. He tells them they will find a fortune, but not the one that they seek. The trio makes its way to the house of Wash, Pete's cousin, who breaks off their shackles, feeds them, and allows them to sleep in his barn. While they are sleeping, Wash reports them to Sheriff Cooley, who torches the barn with his men. Wash's son helps the trio escape. Pete and Delmar get baptized in a river the next day, but Everett refuses to join them. The group then picks up Tommy Johnson, a young black man who claims that he sold his soul to the devil at "The Crossroads" in exchange for the ability to play the guitar. In need of money, the four stop at a radio station where they record a song as the "Soggy Bottom Boys". That night, the trio parts ways with Tommy after their car is discovered by the police. They then briefly fall in with outlaw George Baby Face Nelson who has been robbing banks and killing cows. Unbeknownst to them, the recording becomes a major hit. George, feeling depressed, gives the trio his cash and walks off. Near a river, the group hears singing and finds three sultry women washing clothes. The women give them corn whiskey and they lose consciousness. Upon waking, Delmar finds Pete's clothes lying next to him, empty except for a frog. Delmar is convinced the women were sirens who transformed Pete into the frog. Later, one-eyed Bible salesman Big Dan invites them for a picnic lunch, then mugs the men and kills the frog. On their way to Everett's hometown, Everett and Delmar see Pete working on a chain gang. They arrive in town where Homer Stokes is hosting a campaign for governor. Everett confronts his wife Penny, who has changed her last name and told his daughters that he was hit by a train. He gets into a fight with Vernon, her new suitor and Stokes' campaign manager. Later that night, they sneak into Pete's holding cell and free him. The women are revealed to be undercover bounty hunters who had dragged Pete away and turned him in to the authorities. Under torture, Pete had given away the buried treasure's location to the police. Everett then confesses that he made up the treasure to convince the men he was chained with to escape with him, so that he could stop his wife from getting remarried. Pete is enraged at Everett because he had only two weeks left on his original sentence, and will likely face fifty more years for the escape. The trio stumble upon a Ku Klux Klan (KKK) rally, and find that the Klan is planning to lynch Tommy. The trio disguise themselves as Klansmen and attempt to rescue Tommy. They are stopped by Big Dan, revealed to be a member of the Klan. Chaos ensues, and the Grand Wizard reveals that he is Homer Stokes. The trio rush Tommy away and cut the supports of a large burning cross, immolating Big Dan. Everett persuades Pete, Delmar and Tommy to help him win his wife back. They sneak into a Stokes campaign gala dinner that she is attending, disguised as hillbilly musicians. The group begins a performance of their radio hit, and the crowd recognizes the song and goes wild. Homer recognizes them as the group who sabotaged the KKK rally. When he demands the group be arrested and reveals his white supremacist views, the crowd runs him out of town on a rail. Pappy O'Daniel, the incumbent candidate, seizes the opportunity, endorsing the Soggy Bottom Boys and granting them full pardons. Penny agrees to remarry Everett as long as he finds her original ring. As this happens, an excited George Nelson is captured and paraded down the street in chains to be executed. The next morning, the group finds the ring in a cabin, in a valley that Everett had previously claimed was the location of the buried treasure. The deputies, having learned of the location from Pete, arrest the group. Dismissing their claims that they had received pardons, Sheriff Cooley orders their hanging. As Everett prays to God, the valley is flooded and they are saved. Tommy finds the ring in a desk that floats by, and they return to town. However, when Everett presents the ring to Penny, she finds out that is actually her aunt's ring. She declares that she will not marry him with that ring, but only her wedding ring. As the film ends, the blind man on the handcar is shown again. ==Cast==
Cast
George Clooney as Ulysses Everett McGill. He corresponds to Odysseus (Ulysses) in the Odyssey. His singing voice is dubbed by Dan Tyminski. • John Turturro as Pete. Along with Delmar, Pete represents Odysseus' soldiers who travel with him from Troy to Ithaca, seeking to return home. His singing is dubbed by Harley Allen. • Tim Blake Nelson as Delmar O'Donnell. Nelson does his own singing on "In the Jailhouse Now", but otherwise his singing is dubbed by Pat Enright. • Chris Thomas King as Tommy Johnson, a skilled blues musician. He shares his name and story with Tommy Johnson, a blues musician who is said to have sold his soul to the devil at the Crossroads (also attributed to Robert Johnson). • John Goodman as Daniel "Big Dan" Teague, a one-eyed mugger and Ku Klux Klan member who masquerades as a Bible salesman. He corresponds to the cyclops Polyphemus in the Odyssey. He shares a name with Menelaus, an Odyssey character, but corresponds with Zeus from the narrative. • Wayne Duvall as Homer Stokes, a candidate for governor and the leader of a Ku Klux Klan chapter. His singing is dubbed by Ralph Stanley. • Ray McKinnon as Vernon T. Waldrip. He corresponds to the Suitors of Penelope in the Odyssey. • Frank Collison as Washington Bartholomew "Wash" Hogwallop, Pete's cousin. • Michael Badalucco as George Nelson, an American bank robber popularly known as “Baby Face.” • Stephen Root as Mr. Lund, a blind radio station manager. He corresponds to Homer. • Lee Weaver as the Blind Seer, who accurately predicts the outcome of the trio's adventure. He corresponds to Tiresias in the Odyssey. His singing voice is dubbed by Robert Hamlett. • Mia Tate, Musetta Vander, and Christy Taylor as the three "sirens". Their singing voices are dubbed by Emmylou Harris, Alison Krauss, and Gillian Welch. Gillian Welch and Dan Tyminski also appear as a record store customer and a mandolinist respectively. Del Pentecost, JR Horne, and Brian Reddy appear as members of Pappy O'Daniel's staff. Ed Gale appears as Homer Stokes' ceremonial "little man". John McConnell cameos as the Woolworth’s manager. Royce D. Applegate cameos as a member of Sheriff Cooley's posse. Three members of the Fairfield Four (Isaac Freeman, Wilson Waters Jr, and Robert Hamlett) cameo as gravediggers. The Cox Family and The Whites appear as fictionalized versions of themselves. ==Production==
Production
The idea of O Brother, Where Art Thou? arose spontaneously. Work on the script began in December 1997, long before the start of production, and it was at least half-written by May 1998. Despite the fact that Ethan Coen described the Odyssey as "one of my favorite storyline schemes", neither of the brothers had read the epic, and they were only familiar with its content through adaptations and numerous references to the Odyssey in popular culture. According to the brothers, Tim Blake Nelson (who has a degree in classics from Brown University) was the only person on the set who had read the Odyssey. The title of the film is a reference to the 1941 Preston Sturges film ''Sullivan's Travels, in which the protagonist (a director) wants to direct a film about the Great Depression called O Brother, Where Art Thou?'' Joel Coen revealed in a 2000 interview that he traveled to Phoenix to offer the lead role to Clooney. Clooney agreed to do the role immediately, without reading the script. He stated that he liked even the Coens' least successful films. Clooney did not immediately understand his character and sent the script to his uncle Jack, who lived in Kentucky, asking him to read the entire script into a tape recorder. Unknown to Clooney, in his recording, Jack, a devout Baptist, omitted all instances of the words "damn" and "hell" from the Coens' script, which only became known to Clooney after the directors pointed this out to him during shooting. Joel stated this was because the actual set was "greener than Ireland". It was filmed near locations in Canton, Mississippi, and Florence, South Carolina, in the summer of 1999. After shooting tests, including film bipack and bleach bypass techniques, Deakins suggested digital mastering be used. A major theme of the film is the connection between old-time music and political campaigning in the American South. It makes reference to the traditions, institutions, and campaign practices of bossism and political reform that defined Southern politics in the first half of the 20th century. The Ku Klux Klan, at the time a political force of white populism, is depicted burning crosses and engaging in ceremonial dance. The character Menelaus "Pappy" O'Daniel, the governor of Mississippi and host of the radio show The Flour Hour, is similar in name and demeanor to W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel, one-time Governor of Texas and later U.S. Senator from that state. O'Daniel was in the flour business and used a backing band called the Light Crust Doughboys on his radio show. In one campaign, O'Daniel carried a broom, an oft-used campaign device in the reform era, promising to sweep away patronage and corruption. His theme song had the hook, "Please pass the biscuits, Pappy", emphasizing his connection with flour.), and Homer Stokes, as the challenger to the incumbent O'Daniel, portrays himself as the "reform candidate", using a broom as a prop. ==Music==
Music
The music was originally conceived as a major component of the film, not merely as a background or a support. Producer and musician T Bone Burnett worked with the Coens while the script was still in its working phases and the soundtrack was recorded before filming commenced. Much of the music used in the film is period-specific folk music. The use of dirges and other macabre songs is a theme that often recurs in Appalachian music ("O Death", "Lonesome Valley", "Angel Band", "I Am Weary") in contrast to bright and cheerful songs ("Keep On the Sunny Side", "In the Highways") in other parts of the film. The voices of the Soggy Bottom Boys were provided by Dan Tyminski (lead vocal on "Man of Constant Sorrow"), Nashville songwriter Harley Allen, and the Nashville Bluegrass Band's Pat Enright. The three won a CMA Award for Single of the Year During a cast reunion at the 2020 Nashville Film Festival, George Clooney recalled being called into the recording studio and singing despite his lack of talent. It was assumed that he could sing because he was the nephew of Rosemary Clooney. Despite the relation, he could not. "Man of Constant Sorrow" has five variations: two are used in the film, one in the music video, and two in the soundtrack album. Two of the variations feature the verses being sung back-to-back, and the other three variations feature additional music between each verse. Though the song received little significant radio airplay, it reached #35 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart in 2002. The version of "I'll Fly Away" heard in the film is performed not by Krauss and Welch (as it is on the CD and concert tour), but by the Kossoy Sisters with Erik Darling accompanying on long-neck five-string banjo, recorded in 1956 for the album Bowling Green on Tradition Records. ==Release and reception==
Release and reception
The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on May 13, 2000, the United Kingdom on September 15, 2000, and the United States on December 22, 2000. It grossed $71,868,327 worldwide on a $26 million budget. Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average, gave it a score of 69 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. Roger Ebert gave two and a half out of four stars to the film, saying all the scenes in the film were "wonderful in their different ways, and yet I left the movie uncertain and unsatisfied." In 2021, members of Writers Guild of America West (WGAW) and Writers Guild of America, East (WGAE) voted the film's screenplay 99th in WGA’s 101 Greatest Screenplays of the 21st Century (so far). In 2025, it ranked number 76 on The New York Times list of "The 100 Best Movies of the 21st Century" and number 66 on the "Readers' Choice" edition of the list. Accolades The film was selected to be part of the main competition of the 2000 Cannes Film Festival. ==Soggy Bottom Boys==
Soggy Bottom Boys
The Soggy Bottom Boys are the fictional musical group that the main characters form as part of the plot; their songs also serve as accompaniment for the film. It has been suggested that the name is in homage to the Foggy Mountain Boys, a bluegrass band led by Lester Flatt and Earl Scruggs. In the film, the actors lip-synched the songs credited to the band, except for Tim Blake Nelson's own voice on "In the Jailhouse Now". The band's hit single is Dick Burnett's "Man of Constant Sorrow", a song that had enjoyed much success prior to the movie's release. After the film's release, the fictitious band became so popular that the country and folk musicians whose performances are heard on the film embarked on a concert tour called Down from the Mountain, which was filmed for TV and DVD. They included Ralph Stanley, John Hartford, Alison Krauss and Union Station, Emmylou Harris, Gillian Welch, Chris Sharp, Stun Seymour, Dan Tyminski and others. ==Notes==
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