Thorbecke was born in
Zwolle. His father Frederik Willem was a Lutheran tobacco manufacturer of German descent, while his mother Christine Regina was born in the Lower Saxon
Osnabrück. Frederik Willem's business suffered badly from the
anti-British policies of the French occupiers, and his tobacco factory went bankrupt in 1803, after which he was unable to find another source of employment and would spend most of his time on the education of Johan Rudolph and his younger brother. Johan Rudolph proved to be diligent and exemplary at a young age, showing intelligence and curiosity. Because of the sacrifices of his parents, who continued to struggle with financial problems, he was able to enjoy a decent education. He enjoyed primary education in his birthplace and in
Amsterdam, where he lived until 1806, and attended a
Latin school back in Zwolle until 1814. Thorbecke began studying
classical literature and
philosophy in
Amsterdam, studies he finished in
Leiden defending a thesis on
Asinius Pollio in 1820. Shortly after taking his doctorate, Thorbecke was granted a state scholarship for a journey through Germany. At
Giessen he lectured as an extraordinary professor, and at
Göttingen, in 1824, published his treatise,
Ueber das Wesen der Geschichte. He would spend four years travelling, during which he was introduced to
historism and
Romanticism, and developed emotionally and spiritually. Upon his return to the Netherlands in 1824, he settled in
Amsterdam, where he wrote his first political work of significance,
Bedenkingen aangaande het Regt en Den Staat ("Concerns about the Law and the State"). The work managed to gain some attention, and Thorbecke became professor of Political Science at
Ghent University the following year, a position he was forced to resign from due to the
Belgian Revolution in 1830. The following year, Thorbecke became professor of Diplomacy and Modern History at the
Leiden University, where his students would describe him as a distant, analytical mind, living a secluded life in his study. Originally a loyal supporter of the conservative government of
William I, Thorbecke developed a more critical view of the government and indeed the autocratic system of government throughout the 1830s. His increasingly strong support for constitutional reform is shown in a series of essays he published from 1839 onward, starting with
Aanteekening op de grondwet, literally "Annotation on the constitution". The climax of this series was
Over het hedendaags staatsburgerschap, literally "On contemporary citizenship", published in 1844, in which he argued that universal suffrage would eventually be unavoidable. ==Political career==