In the early 1970s, Nelson Pass was studying
Physics at the University of California-Davis. While a student, he founded PMA to design and manufacture speakers. In 1972, he joined
ESS speakers in
Sacramento just prior to the arrival of Oscar Heil, who would design the Heil Air Motion Transformer which was a key component of the ESS AMT series of speakers. Pass worked at ESS designing crossovers and enclosures through 1973. He also was a service manager for Sun Stereo performing repairs on
McIntosh Laboratory,
Phase Linear,
Pioneer Corporation and other brands of amplifiers, and began formulating his own amplifier designs in 1974. Pass received his Bachelor of Science in Physics and with an ESS associate René Besne they together began development of a new
amplifier in 1974. Besne worked on the
industrial design of the amplifier while Pass worked on the circuit topology and component selection. When they were confident the amplifier was ready to market, Pass and Besne incorporated Threshold as co-founders in Sacramento, California on December 5, 1974. == Early Threshold Amplifier Designs ==