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Tibouchina

Tibouchina is a neotropical flowering plant genus in the family Melastomataceae. Species of this genus are subshrubs, shrubs or small trees and typically have purple flowers. They are native to Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America where they are found as far south as northern Argentina. Members of this genus are known as glory bushes, glory trees or princess flowers. The name Tibouchina is adapted from a Guianan indigenous name for a member of this genus. A systematic study in 2013 showed that as then circumscribed the genus was paraphyletic, and in 2019 the genus was split into a more narrowly circumscribed Tibouchina, two re-established genera Pleroma and Chaetogastra, and a new genus, Andesanthus.

Description
Tibouchina species are subshrubs, shrubs or small trees. Their leaves are opposite, usually with petioles, and often covered with scales. The inflorescence is a panicle or some modification of a panicle with reduced branching. The individual flowers have five free petals, purple or lilac in color; the color does not change as the flowers age. There are ten stamens, either all the same or dimorphic, with five larger and five smaller ones. The connective tissue below the anthers of the stamens is prolonged and modified at the base of the stamens into ventrally bilobed appendages. When mature, the seeds are contained in a dry, semiwoody capsule and are cochleate (spiralled). There is evidence for polyploidy in this group as the haploid number tends to fall in one of three classes: n=9, n=18 or n=27. This series of x=9 is quite consistent within Tibouchina although there are three documented deviations from this pattern. T. lepidota (Bonpl.) Baillon has been reported to have 2n=122 and n=62 in different studies, while T. semidecandra (DC.) Cogn has 2n=54 and T. urvilleana (DC.) Cogn has 2n=56. For species with chromosome counts, tetraploidy is most common (16 species) while 10 species are diploid and 4 species are hexaploid.--> == Taxonomy ==
Taxonomy
The genus Tibouchina was established by Aublet in 1775 in his Flora of French Guiana with the description of a single species, T. aspera, which is thus the type species. In 1885, in his treatment for Flora brasiliensis, Alfred Cogniaux used a broad concept of the genus, transferring into it many of the species at that time placed in Chaetogastra, Diplostegium, Lasiandra, Pleroma and Purpurella, among others. This broad concept was generally adopted subsequently, and around 470 taxa were at one time or another assigned to Tibouchina. A further molecular phylogenetic study in 2019 used the same molecular markers but included more species. It reached the same conclusion: the original broadly circumscribed Tibouchina consisted of four monophyletic clades. The authors proposed a split into four genera: a more narrowly circumscribed Tibouchina, two re-established genera Pleroma and Chaetogastra, and a new genus, Andesanthus. The relationship between Chaetogastra and the genus Brachyotum differed between a maximum likelihood analysis and a Bayesian inference analysis: the former found Brachyotum embedded within Chaetogastra, the latter found the two to be sisters. The part of their maximum likelihood cladogram which includes former Tibouchina species is as follows, • Tibouchina aegopogon (Naudin) Cogn. • Tibouchina albescens Cogn. ex P.J.F.Guim., A.L.F.Oliveira & R.Romero • Tibouchina alpestris Cogn. • Tibouchina araguaiensis P.J.F.Guim. • Tibouchina aspera Aubl. • Tibouchina barbigera (Naudin) Baill. • Tibouchina bicolor (Naudin) Cogn. • Tibouchina bipenicillata (Naudin) Cogn. • Tibouchina brevisepala Cogn. • Tibouchina bruniana P.J.F.Guim. • Tibouchina caatingae J.G.Freitas • Tibouchina calycina Cogn. • Tibouchina catharinae Pittier • Tibouchina cujabensis Cogn. • Tibouchina dissitiflora Wurdack • Tibouchina duidae Gleason • Tibouchina edmundoi Brade • Tibouchina exasperata (Naudin) Cogn. • Tibouchina fraterna N.E.Br. • Tibouchina huberi Wurdack • Tibouchina itatiaiae Cogn. • Tibouchina johnwurdackiana Todzia • Tibouchina karstenii Cogn. • Tibouchina lithophila Wurdack • Tibouchina lepidota P.J.F.Guim. & Michelang. • Tibouchina llanorum Wurdack • Tibouchina mathaei Cogn. • Tibouchina melastomoides (Naudin) Cogn. • Tibouchina nigricans Cogn. ex P.J.F.Guim., A.L.F.Oliveira & R.Romero • Tibouchina octopetala Cogn. • Tibouchina papyrus (Pohl) Toledo • Tibouchina pogonanthera (Naudin) Cogn. • Tibouchina rosanae P.J.F.Guim. & Woodgyer • Tibouchina sickii Brade • Tibouchina sipapoana Gleason • Tibouchina spruceana Cogn. • Tibouchina steyermarkii Wurdack • Tibouchina striphnocalyx (DC.) Pittier • Tibouchina verticillaris Cogn. • Tibouchina xochiatencana de Santiago Selected former species Species placed in Tibouchina in its former broad sense include: • Tibouchina anderssonii Wurdack, synonym of Chaetogastra anderssoniiTibouchina asperior (Cham.) Cogn., synonym of Pleroma asperiusTibouchina campii Wurdack, synonym of Chaetogastra campiiTibouchina ciliaris (Vent.) Cogn., synonym of Chaetogastra ciliarisTibouchina clinopodifolia (DC.) Cogn., synonym of Chaetogastra clinopodifoliaTibouchina elegans Cogn., synonym of Pleroma elegansTibouchina francavillana Cogn., synonym of Pleroma francavillanumTibouchina gleasoniana Wurdack, synonym of Andesanthus gleasonianusTibouchina granulosa, synonym of Pleroma granulosumTibouchina gracilis (Bonpl.) Cogn., synonym of Chaetogastra gracilisTibouchina grossa, synonym of Chaetogastra grossaTibouchina heteromalla, synonym of Pleroma heteromallum - silver-leaved princess flower • Tibouchina lepidota (Bonpl.) Baill., synonym of Andesanthus lepidotusTibouchina mollis (Bonpl.) Bonpl., synonym of Chaetogastra mollisTibouchina mutabilis (Vell.) Cogn., synonym of Pleroma mutabileTibouchina oroensis Gleason, synonym of Chaetogastra oroensisTibouchina pereirae Brade & Markgr., synonym of Pleroma pereiraeTibouchina pulchra (Cham.) Cogn., synonym of Pleroma raddianumTibouchina rufipilis (Schltdl.) Cogn., synonym of Chaetogastra rufipilisTibouchina semidecandra, synonym of Pleroma semidecandrumTibouchina trichopoda (DC.) Baill., synonym of Pleroma trichopodumTibouchina urvilleana, synonym of Pleroma urvilleanum - princess flower, glory bush • Tibouchina versicolor (Lindl.) Cogn., synonym of Chaetogastra versicolor == Distribution and invasive potential ==
Distribution and invasive potential
All the species of Tibouchina are native to the Americas as far north as Mexico south to northern Argentina, All Tibouchina species as well as those formerly placed in the genus are considered noxious weeds in Hawaii, because of their high potential for being invasive species. Many species, such as T. araguaiensis, T. papyrus, T. mathaei and T. nigricans, have narrow distributions, being known from only a handful of locations, while a few other species, including T. aspera, T. barbigera and T. bipenicillata, have broader distributions. ==References==
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