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Timbira language

Timbira is a dialect continuum of the Northern Jê language group of the Jê languages ̣(Macro-Jê) spoken in Brazil. The various dialects are distinct enough to sometimes be considered separate languages. The principal varieties, Krahô (Craó), and Canela (Kanela), have 2000 speakers apiece, few of whom speak Portuguese. Pará Gavião has 600–700 speakers. Krẽje, however, is nearly extinct, with only 30 speakers in 1995.

Varieties
Linguistic varieties of Timbira include: • Canela (subdivided into Apànjêkra and Mẽmõrtũmre (a.k.a. Ràmkôkãmẽkra)), 2,500 speakers in MaranhãoKrahô, 2,000 speakers in TocantinsKrĩkatí, spoken in Terra Indígena Krikati, MaranhãoPykobjê, 600 speakers in Terra Indígena Governador close to Amarante, MaranhãoParkatêjê, 12 speakers in Terra Indígena Mãe Maria, Bom Jesus do Tocantins, ParáKỳikatêjê, 9 speakers in Terra Indígena Mãe Maria, Bom Jesus do Tocantins, ParáKrẽje, under 30 speakers in Maranhão and Pará Loukotka (1968) Loukotka (1968) divides the Timbira tribes into two groups, Timbirá (Canela) and Krao. The majority are included under Timbira: ;Timbira (Canela): • Mehin, Tajé (Timbirá) • Kreapimkatajé (Krepúnkateye) • Krenjé (Krẽyé) • Remkokamekran (Remako-Kamékrere, Merrime) • Aponegicran (Apáñekra) • Krenkatajé (Canella, Kenkateye) • Sakamekran (Chacamecran, Mateiros) • Purekamekran, Makamekran (Pepuxi) • Apinagé, Karaho (Carauau) • Menren (Gaviões, Augutjé – only a few words known) • Meitajé ;Krao: • Krahó, Krikati (Kỳikatêjê) • Piokobjé (Bucobu, Pukobje, Paicogê) • Kapiekran Under the Timbira group, Loukotka included several purported languages for which nothing is recorded: Kukoekamekran, Karákatajé, Kenpokatajé, Kanakatayé, Norokwajé (Ñurukwayé). The Poncatagê (Põkateye) are likewise unidentifiable. Ramirez et al. (2015) Ramirez et al. (2015) considers Timbira-Kayapó to be a dialect continuum, as follows: :Canela-Krahô ↔ Gavião-Krĩkati ↔ Apinajé ↔ Kayapó ↔ Suyá-Tapayuna ↔ Panará-Kayapó do Sul Apart from Kapiekran, all Krao varieties are recognized by the ISO. Another common convention for division, though geographic rather than linguistic, is Western Timbira (Apinayé alone) vs Eastern Timbira (Canela, Krikatí, Krahô, Gavião, and others). Gurupy is a river, sometimes used to refer to the Krenye. Nikulin (2020) ==References==
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