Half-time

The main origin of changing ends at half-time lies in the early English Public School football games. One early use of a fixed half-time (as suggested by Adrian Harvey in his book, Football, The First Hundred Years: The Untold Story) is that the origin of the practice was to allow for two football teams each used to a different set of rules to play half of the game by familiar rules, and half by the opposition rules. This was practised notably between followers of Eton-rules football (closer to modern association football) and Rugby-rules football (closer to modern rugby Rugby union). This particular use of half-time could be seen as unnecessary after the standardisation of football rules (and indeed, the first set of FA Laws in 1863 did not provide for a half time interval) but is still used for the now-rare contests between teams playing different codes of football. Provision for a half time interval in FA Laws was introduced in 1870 and has been part of those Laws (and later, IFAB Laws) ever since (see Laws of the Game). Changing ends at half-time (if no goals had been scored) was part of the following schools' codes: Brighton, Eton, Rossall, Sheffield, and Winchester. Other schools changed every time that side scored (Cheltenham, FA, Harrow, Marlborough, Rugby, Shrewsbury, Uppingham schools) The 1863 Cambridge Rules state: "In a match when half the time agreed upon has elapsed, the side shall change goals when the ball is next out of play". ==Overview==

One benefit of half-time in a field game is to allow teams to swap their positions on the field in order that the effects of the natural conditions such as sunlight and wind direction are experienced fairly by both teams. In some sports this is achieved without the need for half-time: for example, in cricket fielding positions of players are rotated after a set passage of play. In other sports no such provision is necessary, for example in baseball, where playing positions do not change and both teams occupy the same locations on the field of play, though there is frequent rotation of players in the ordinary course of play. Half-time for spectators offers the opportunity to visit the toilet, get some food or drink, or just exercise cramped limbs, without the fear of missing any of the action. A half-time show may be put on for the spectators to keep their attention, most famously in the case of the American football Super Bowl. As many spectators at the ground may be otherwise occupied using stadium facilities it might be inferred that the scale and spectacle of half-time entertainment is more directly related to the size of the potential television audience. In many sports that are televised, half-time offers the opportunity to advertise, a valuable source of revenue for television companies. In addition, it allows analysis of the game so far by pundits; controversial incidents or exceptional play may be highlighted at this time. It also allows viewers to catch up with any action that they may have missed. Half-time has spawned one of the most enduring clichés to describe football: that "it's a game of two halves." ==List of team sports==

With half-time With intervals other than half-time • Ice hockey is played in three periods of twenty minutes with eighteen-minute intermissions between regulation periods. • Water polo • Test cricket • Box lacrosse • Volleyball matches typically take three minutes between sets 1 and 2 and any sets after the 3rd (if played). The interval between sets 2 and 3 is sometimes longer and sometimes the same. No half-time or equivalent (other than to allow movement of players in the natural course of play and/or TV commercials) • Baseball (although there is a seventh-inning stretch) • Softball ==References==