Tlaxcala (Nahua state)

, bottom-right Quiahuiztlan, top-left Ocotelolco, and bottom-left Tepeticpac. The river Atzompa crosses the city from north to south (left to right, the map being oriented east–west). From Alfredo Chavero, Pinturas Jeroglíficas, Mexico 1901. â''' allies accompany Hernán Cortés during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire, 1519, from the History of Tlaxcala. The Tlaxcalteca arrived in Central Mexico during the Late Postclassic. They first settled near Texcoco in the valley of Mexico, between the settlement of Cohuatlinchan and the shore of Lake Texcoco. After some years the Tlaxcalteca were driven out of the valley of Mexico and moved to the east, splitting into three groups along the way. While one group continued north towards the modern state of Hidalgo, and another remained in the vicinity of Texcoco, a third group arrived in the modern valley of Tlaxcala, where they established the city of Tepetícpac Texcallan under the leadership of Culhuatecuhtli Quanex. Over the subsequent years, the Tlaxcalan state expanded with the foundations of Ocotelulco and Tizatlán. The fourth major settlement, Quiahuiztlan, was founded by members of the Tlaxcalan group that had initially remained in the valley of Mexico. ==Government==

Ancient Tlaxcala was a republic ruled by a council of between 50 and 200 chief political officials (pl. ; sg. ). These officials gained their positions through service to the state, usually in warfare, and as a result came from both the noble () and commoner () classes. ==Culture==

Three languages were spoken in Tlaxcala: Nahuatl, Otomi by a large minority, and "Pinome" (likely Popoloca) by a smaller minority. Later, Aztec conquests resulted in further waves of Otomi migration to Tlaxcala, such as from Xaltocan. A dialect of Otomi is still spoken in Tlaxcala today. ==Contact with conquistadors==

Tlaxcala was never conquered by the Aztec Empire, but was engaged in a state of perpetual war, the so-called "flower wars" or "garland wars". Conquistador Bernal Díaz del Castillo describes the first battle between the Spanish force and the Tlaxcalteca as surprisingly difficult; he writes that they—the Spanish—would probably have not survived, had not Xicotencatl the Elder and Maxixcatzin persuaded Xicotencatl the Younger, the Tlaxcalan warleader, that it would be better to ally with the newcomers than to kill them. Xicohtencatl the Younger was later—in April 1521—condemned by the Tlaxcalan ruling council and hanged by Cortés, for desertion during the siege of Tenochtitlan. Due to protracted warfare between the Aztecs and the Tlaxcalteca, the latter were eager to exact revenge, and soon became loyal allies of the Spanish. Even after the Spanish were expelled from Tenochtitlan, the Tlaxcalteca continued their support. Tlaxcala also assisted the Spanish in the conquest of Guatemala. As a result of the alliance with the Spaniards, Tlaxcala had privileged status within "New Spain", as confirmed in the Royal Writ of the Foundation of the City of Tlaxcala, Mexico. After the Spanish conquered Tenochtitlan and the rest of Mexico, Tlaxcala was allowed to survive and preserve its pre-Columbian culture. In addition, as a reward for the unyielding loyalty the Tlaxcalan federation had shown the Spanish, the city and its inhabitants largely escaped the pillaging and destruction following the Spanish conquest. The Tlaxcalteca gave further assistance in the Mixtón War. Following the Spanish Conquest, Tlaxcala was divided into four fiefdoms () by the Spanish corregidor Gómez de Santillán in 1545 (26 years after the Conquest). These fiefdoms were Ocotelolco, Quiahuiztlan, Tepeticpac, and Tizatlan. At this time, four great houses or lineages emerged and claimed hereditary rights to each fiefdom and created fictitious genealogies extending back into the pre-Columbian era to justify their claims. During the colonial period, Tlaxcala's "part in the conquest of the Aztec 'empire,' its favored treatment by the Spanish crown, unique talent for propaganda and litigation and astonishing enterprise" gave the small state an important place in Mexican history. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Tlaxcalan settlers went to live in new northern colonies to protect Mexico from the Chichimeca. Tlaxcalan settlers were sent even as far as the Spanish Philippines where they had success, fighting against Buddhist Japanese Pirates (Wokous) and Muslim Malaysian Jihadis (Juramentados). ==See also==