The "Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ", as it is most commonly known, was organized by
Robert C. Lawson, a protégé of
G.T. Haywood, who claimed salvation and the baptism of the Holy Ghost in 1913. In 1914 Lawson was called to the ministry and soon began
evangelizing, mainly in the
Mid-West, and pastoring in
Columbus, Ohio. When he found himself at odds with the leadership of the
Pentecostal Assemblies of the World, Lawson resigned from that organization in 1919 and moved to
New York City, where he founded the
Refuge Church of Christ, after the members of a prayer band in Harlem welcomed him and turned their meetings over to him. That small church grew and became known as the
Refuge Temple, and, later, the
Greater Refuge Temple. It was the hub of Lawson's evangelistic efforts in the
Northeast. Lawson's field work took him up and down the
East Coast, throughout the
West Indies, and as far as
West Africa, where he appointed missionaries to carry on spiritual work. is the Church's headquarters. It was founded by Lawson in 1919 and worshipped in two other locations before moving to this building, a former casino and theater, in 1945. The facade was added in 1966. The Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ has been very influential among
African-American Pentecostal churches, and has given rise to several spin-off bodies. The first major break-away was in 1930, when Sherrod C. Johnson created a rival organization, the
Church of the Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith, through which he challenged Lawson's stance on practical holiness. The most important fracture in the church's history, though, came in 1957 when Smallwood E. Williams led about 70 churches away to form the
Bible Way Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ. Other organizations that were born from or splintered from this church body include the Church of God in Christ Jesus International Ministries, Progressive Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ, the Refuge Temple Assembly of Yahweh, the Evangelistic Churches of Christ, a host of small organizations, and independent churches of varying sizes. Furthermore, there have been splits in many of the offshoot churches: for example, the church founded by Sherrod C. Johnson (Church of the Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith, also referred to as CLJC) has splintered and re-emerged as the Holy Temple Church of the Lord Jesus Christ of the Apostolic Faith, the Apostolic Ministries of America, and the First Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ, all of which are actively evangelizing
North America, the
Caribbean,
Europe, and
West Africa. Thus, the Church of our Lord Jesus Christ is the
mother of a family of predominantly African-American Pentecostal Apostolic organizations. After Lawson's death in 1961, a rising minister in the organization, William L. Bonner, proposed a change in the church's governmental structure. Whereas Bishop Lawson, as founder, had been the sole governing prelate of the organization, Bonner suggested that there be a board of archbishops, or "apostles", who would govern the churches. Two other groups, the Board of Bishops and the Board of Presbyters, both hold accountable and are held accountable by the Board of Apostles. The Church of Our Lord Jesus Christ has many other auxiliaries that function to serve its members and those of the community. The International Armor Bearers' Young Peoples' Union (ABYPU), the International Sunday School Department, the International Missionaries, and the International Congress are a few that work together to bring the ministry to laymen and surrounding communities. == Doctrine and practice ==