Tomb of Ahmad Sanjar

The Seljuk ruler Abu’l-Harith Ahmad Sanjar ibn Malik-Shah, or Ahmad Sanjar, (b. 1085 – d. 1157) had a reign that lasted 40 years, and he ruled over eastern Persia at Merv (now in modern Turkmenistan). Early in his reign, he defeated several uprisings and invasions such as those of the Ghaznavids in 1097 and Türkmen in 1098. However, he faced his first defeat at Qatwān in 1141 against the Qara Khitai, also known as the Western Liao Empire. In 1153, Sanjar was captured by the Oghuz and escaped in 1156. During his captivity, the Türkmen raided and looted the province. == Mongol Invasions ==

In 1221, Mongols led by Tolui attacked Merv, which surrendered after a seven-day siege. Upon the city’s surrender, the Mongols massacred the city’s inhabitants and enslaved around four hundred artisans and a number of children. Arab historian Ali ibn al-Athir states that 700,000 people were killed during the Mongol sack of Merv. The Mongols burned most of the city’s buildings, including the Tomb of Ahmad Sanjar. According to ibn al-Athir, the Mongols “set fire to the city and burned down the mausoleum of Sultan Sanjar, having dug up his grave in the search of precious objects.”' The fire caused significant damage to the structure, destroying much of the mausoleum’s exterior brickwork and causing the building’s outer dome to collapse. Merv remained severely depopulated in the period following the Mongol invasion and the tomb deteriorated further due to centuries of neglect. == Later History ==

, before it was restored. A report made in 1879-81 describes the tomb as standing in the center of a chahar bagh, surrounded by small tombs and graves. The first photographs of the mausoleum were taken by V.A. Zhukovsky in 1896 and E. Cohn Wiener in 1926. These photographs show the structure's collapsed dome and highly damaged galleries. Soviet architect N.M. Bachinskii completed the first structural analysis of the building during a 1937 restoration. This restoration project also unearthed the foundations of a large mosque adjoining the tomb. Further restoration work was undertaken by the Soviet government during the 1950s. In 1996, a cement capping was added to the mausoleum’s dome. In 1999, UNESCO declared the monuments of ancient Merv, including the Tomb of Ahmad Sanjar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. From April 2002 to May 2004, extensive repairs were carried out with the assistance of the Turkish government. The Turkish funded project was reviewed and approved by UNESCO and strived to be faithful to the structure’s original design. government from 2002-2004 as a gift to the Turkmen people. == Architecture ==

The mausoleum stood 27m high and was 17m by 17m wide. The walls were 14m high and had no major decorations. It was formerly one of the grandest Seljuk tombs, with an ambitious gallery and a double dome, the inner dome consisting of blue glazed bricks with the drum being buttressed at four points. Sanjar's mausoleum was part of a larger complex consisting of a mosque and palace, This was the second project to be sponsored by the Sultan, having previously commissioned a massive dam to be built on the Murghab river. The structure was built on the Silk Road, and it was built by Muhammad ibn Aziz. The tomb was originally connected to a larger compound of buildings, including a mosque, a palace, and other supporting buildings. The interior is much more of a focal point than the exterior. The building is composed of several different building materials, including terracotta, plaster, stucco, and brick. The building has been restored several times, but has lost much of its original structural integrity, especially that of the second story floor. Among the missing features are a formerly turquoise tile covered dome which could be seen from miles away in its prime. == Influence ==

The majority of secular funerary architecture did not survive the Seljuk period, however, the tomb of Ahmad Sanjar remained intact and went on to influence future domed building. The doubled-domed Seljuk style of the Tomb of Ahmad Sanjar proved a lasting influence on the domed architecture of the Ilkhanid, Timurid and Safavid periods that followed. The Tomb of Ahmad Sanjar deviated from traditional Seljuk funerary towers of its day by moving “towards squatter proportions with a new emphasis on interior space.” This influence that realized later building guided by monumentalizing interior spaces is evidenced by later buildings such as the octagonal-square Dome of Soltaniyeh. The tomb is the first example of a mosque-mausoleum amalgam known to history and this architectural combination would go on to become widespread in the tradition of Islamic buildings and complexes. The influence of Ahmad Sanjar’s mausoleum is evidenced by multiple architectural additions at the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan, including two of its domes. The architect of the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan’s north-eastern squared-dome “utilized these standard forms to create a work of art” while the southern dome mimicked the Tomb of Ahmad Sanjar’s use of a hexadecagon that surrounds the outer dome. When the Ilkhanid ruler Ghāzān Khān visited Merv and witnessed the Tomb of Ahmad Sanjar he was so awe-struck that he sought to both cite and outdo Ahmad Sanjar’s tomb with the building of his own funerary complex at Shamb. Other Islamic funerary architecture that derived influence from the Seljuk style of the Tomb of Ahmad Sanjar include examples such as the Sultan Bakht Aqa mausoleum, the Mir-chaqmaq mosque and the Sultani madrasa. banknote.|center|320x320px == See also ==