After learning painting and drafting at the École Technique de la Martinière in Lyon (1883–1886), Garnier studied architecture at the
École nationale des beaux-arts de Lyon (1886–1889) and the
École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris (1890–1899). In 1899 he won the
Prix de Rome for a design of a national bank. The prize enabled him to reside at the
Villa Medici in Rome for four years, until 1904. During his stay in Rome he began working on the project of an industrial city that became his main contribution to town planning. In 1901, after extensive study of sociological and architectural problems, he began to formulate an elaborate solution to the perceived issues concerning urban design. His basic idea included the separation of spaces by function through
zoning into several categories: industrial, civic, residential, health related, and entertainment. Garnier's drawings for an ideal industrial city called
Une cité industrielle were initially exhibited in 1904, but only published later in 1918.
Une Cité Industrielle was designed as an
utopian form of living, for 35,000 inhabitants. It was located between a mountain and a river to facilitate access to hydroelectric power. This plan was highly influenced by the writings of
Émile Zola, in particular his socialist utopian novel
Travail (1901). The plan allowed schools and vocational-type schools to be near the industries they were related to, so that people could be more easily educated. There were no churches or law enforcement buildings, in hope that man could rule himself. The idea of functional separation was later taken up by the members of
CIAM, and would ultimately influence the design of cities like
Brasília. In 1904, Garnier returned to Lyon, where he received a commission for a livestock market and slaughterhouse (1906–1924), later named
Halle Tony Garnier. In 1910, he was commissioned for the design of the
Édouard-Hérriot Hospital, completed in 1927. Further projects included several villas, the
Stade de Gerland (Gerland stadium) (1914–1918) and the low-cost housing
Quartier des Etats-Unis (1919–1935) on United-States avenue in the
8th arrondissement of Lyon. In the 1920s, Garnier continued the work on several major projects started before the war. In 1939, he moved from Lyon to Roquefort-la-Bédoule, where he died in 1948. He is buried in the Croix-Rousse cemetery. ==Selected projects==