King
Mingyi Nyo founded the
First Toungoo Empire (1510–1599) at
Taungoo far up the
Sittaung River south of Inwa towards the end of the
Ava Kingdom in 1510. After the conquest of Inwa by the
Mohnyin-led Shan
sawbwas in 1527, many Burmese-speakers migrated to Taungoo, which became a new centre. Mingyi Nyo's son, King
Tabinshwehti, unified most of Burma, consolidating his power and pushing southward, over-running the
Irrawaddy Delta and crushing the Hanthawaddy capital of
Bago. In 1544, Tabinshwehti was crowned as king of all Burma at the ancient capital of Bagan. By that time, the geopolitical situation in Southeast Asia had changed dramatically. The Shan gained power in a new kingdom in the north, the
Ayutthaya Kingdom had established itself as a suzerain power around the Chao Phraya river basin, while the
Portuguese Empire had arrived in the south and
conquered Malacca. With the coming of
European traders, Burma was once again an important trading centre, and Tabinshwehti moved his capital to Bago due to its strategic position for commerce. He then began assembling an army for an attack on coastal
Rakhine State to the west. Tabinshwehti's forces were defeated at Arakan but he was able to gain control of
Lower Burma up to
Pyay. He led his retreating army eastward to the
Ayutthaya Kingdom, where he was again defeated in the
Burmese–Siamese War (1547–49). A period of unrest and rebellions among other conquered peoples followed and Tabinshwehti was assassinated in 1550.
Bayinnaung's Empire Tabinshwehti's brother-in-law,
Bayinnaung, succeeded to the throne in 1550 and reigned 30 years, launching a campaign of conquest invading several states, including
Manipur (1560) and Ayutthaya (1564). An energetic leader and effective military commander, he made Taungoo the most powerful state in Southeast Asia and extended his borders from
Laos to
Ayutthaya. Bayinnaung was poised to deliver a final, decisive assault on the western kingdom of Arakan when he died in 1581. His son
Nanda Bayin and his successors were forced to quell rebellions in other parts of the kingdom, and the conquest of Arakan was never achieved.
Restored Taungoo Faced with rebellion by several cities and renewed Portuguese incursions, the Taungoo rulers withdrew from southern Burma and founded a second dynasty at Ava, the Nyaungyan or Restored Taungoo Dynasty (1597–1752). Bayinnaung's grandson,
Anaukpetlun (1605–1628), once again reunited Burma in 1613 and decisively defeated Portuguese attempts to take over Burma. Anaukpetlun's successor
Thalun (1629–1648) rebuilt the war torn country. Based on Thalun's revenue inquest in 1635, the Irrawaddy valley's population was estimated to be around 2 million. The dynasty survived for another century and a half until the death of Mahadhammayaza in 1752. Encouraged by the French in India, Bago finally rebelled against Inwa, further weakening the state, which fell in 1752. The downfall of the Taungoo dynasty has been more broadly ascribed to institutional weaknesses in the capital, which intensified factionalism and succession disputes, and the uneven impact of growing trade and potential price inflation, on the elite's income streams. ==Family tree==