The TND type of development plan, while well known in design circles for quite some time, was originated in the US in a legal form in 1990 thru 1992 in the town of
Bedford, New Hampshire. Recognizing that for the design to be implemented zoning laws needed to adapt, an effort was initiated by a group of four individuals (Rick Chellman, (now "TND" Engineering),
Norman Stahl (US Federal Court of Appeals);
Andrés Duany and Scott Brooks) who came together to write and then seek the passage of the first "TND Ordinance". This ordinance put into a traditional zoning form the necessary legalities that prior to its enactment made it legally impossible to gain regulatory approvals in much of the US, as the common zoning laws of the period had requirements that mandated suburban design principles directly contrary to the TND design needs. Most importantly was the adaptation away from a single design speed on all suburban streets as had been the standard since the 1960s. The TND zoning was ultimately passed in Bedford, and subsequently copied and/or used as a starting point by many communities thereafter. Creating a regulatory precedent and practical foothold was the original intent of the four-person team. No TND was ever actively undertaken in the originating town of Bedford (although one was approved by the efforts of Stahl, Brooks, Chellman & Duany and it encompassed over 1,000,000 s/f of commercial space, 829 housing units and acres of riverfront park lands), as in the midst of the TND zoning approvals, a banking crisis took hold and defeated the feasibility for new development at that time. ==References==