Trams in Shanghai (1908–1975)

The first proposal for a tram network in Shanghai was in 1881; Jardine Matheson proposed to the French Concession Board of Directors the opening of tram services in the French Concession, and both parties began planning for a tram network. The Board of Directors adopted the initiative and began planning a tram network. The first tram line in Shanghai (China’s first tram appeared in Beijing in 1899), Yingshang No. 1, opened on January 21, 1908, and operated between Jing'an Temple and The Bund. The line was 6.04 kilometers long and operated by British commercial interests. Later that year, the French completed an 8.5 km tram line between The Bund and Xujiahui. In 1912, a locally operated Chinese system opened in Nanshi District. The Chinese system started on August 11, 1913. On November 14, 1914, Shanghai was the first city in China to use trolleybuses in the former French Concession. File:First tram in Shanghai.jpg|The first tram in Shanghai (1908) File:Shanghai1920s.jpg|Trams on Jiujiang Road in the 1920s File:Shanghai tram, British section, 1920s, John Rossman's collection.jpg|A tram in the 'British system' in the 1920s ==Three tramway systems==

Three tram companies expanded their routes step by step, and collectively reached their maximum extent in 1925 with 328 tramcars and 14 routes. By the 1920s, trams carried supplementary letters to their numbers: 'B' for British and 'F' for French. • The British system ("Shanghai Tramways"; The Shanghai Electric Construction Co. Ltd.) was the largest with seven routes and 216 trams; • The French system ("La Compagnie Francaise de Tramways et d'Eclairage Electrique de Changhai") had three routes and 60 trams; • The Chinese system ("Chinese Tramways Company"; Chinese Electric Power Co. Ltd.) had four routes and 52 trams, totaling 23.5 km in length. 1903 Projet de tramways pour la Concession Française de Shanghai, Chine.jpg|1903 map showing the built and planned tram routes in the French concession Shanghai tramway map 1936.png|1936 Shanghai tram map on recent street map 1936 Shanghai tram map.png |1936 Shanghai tram map 1937 Shanghai tram map.jpg|1937 Shanghai tram map with all three systems Shanghai Tramways and Trolley Buses map in 1939.jpg|1939 tram map of the Shanghai International Settlement, showing disrupted routes During the Japanese occupation of Shanghai in World War II in 1942, the British and French tram systems were placed under the control of the Japanese backed puppet state of the Reorganized Republic of China. During the occupation, some tram lines were demolished to support the Japanese war effort. After Japanese surrender in 1945, the tram systems were transferred back to original owners. During the Korean War, anti-western sentiment and sanctions by the United States made it very difficult for the British and French to operate their respective systems. By 1952 and 1953, the British and French companies were shut down and the three tram systems were consolidated and turned over to local control as part of a mass campaigns of the Communist Party to expel foreign influence. Starting from the late-1960s, the number of buses, taxis and private cars increased rapidly, taking over more streetspace and causing traffic congestion. The congestion greatly affected the quality of tram services, and tram lines were gradually dismantled or converted into trolleybus lines. The last tram line, No. 3 (from Hongkou Park to Wujiaochang) was dismantled in 1975. ==Technology==

Tramways ran on meter-gauge track with conventional overhead current collection. On the British tramways, traditional four-wheel single-deck cars built by the Brush Electrical Engineering Company Limited in their Falcon Works at Loughborough, England were utilized. These trams were similar to the trams of London's Metropolitan Electric Tramways that were used for their Alexandra Palace line. ==See also==