Transfer of training

There are three types of transfer of training: • Positive Transfer: Training increases performance in the targeted job or role. Positive transfer is the goal of most training programs. • Negative Transfer: Training decreases performance in the targeted job or role. • Zero Transfer: Training neither increases nor decreases performance in the targeted job or role. == Model of transfer ==

Baldwin and Ford (1988) is the most commonly cited model of transfer, which defines the transfer of training as the generalization and maintenance of material learned in training to the work environment. Within this model, the authors conceptualize transfer of training as a three-stage process. In the first stage, the inputs to training, including the training strategies, the work environment, and trainee characteristics are defined. Next, through the training process, these inputs generate training outputs in the form of learning and retention. Ultimately, transfer of training occurs in the final stage when learning and retention are generalized and maintained in the work environment. Using the training inputs defined in this model, psychological research has identified many factors that contribute to the positive transfer of training. == Influences on positive transfer ==

Within the current literature, there is a lack of consensus over what factors contribute to the positive transfer of training. • Self-efficacy: Higher self-efficacy contributes to positive transfer through its influence on confidence and persistence. Positive transfer climates tend to facilitate higher levels of positive transfer. • Error-based examples: Training that focuses on how to deal with problems and learn from errors facilitates higher positive transfer. • Collaboration: Collaboration between trainees, trainers, and supervisors during training increases positive transfer. • Multiple Strategies: The use of variety of teaching and learning strategies facilitates positive transfer. • Goals: Setting goals and expectations for training increases positive transfer. • Assessments: Intermittent assessments of participant's knowledge of learned material increases positive transfer. == Assessment ==

Positive transfer is the goal of many organizational training programs. and the Augmented Framework of Alliger et al., utilize transfer as an essential criterion to evaluate training. Due to its behavioral outcomes, transfer of training allows organizations to quantify the impact of training and measure differences in performance. == References ==