White Eagle,
Lithuanian Charging Knight, and
Ruthenian Archangel Michael. The historian
Andrew Wilson has called it "one of the great 'What-ifs?' of Ukrainian and East European history". He notes: "If it had been successfully implemented, the Commonwealth would finally have become a loose confederation of Poles, Lithuanians and Ruthenians. The missing Ukrainian buffer state would have come into being as the Commonwealth's eastern pillar. Russian expansion might have been checked and Poland spared the agonies of the Partitions or, perhaps just as likely, it might have struggled on longer as the '
Sick man of Europe'" (p. 65).In spite of considerable opposition by the Roman Catholic clergy, the Treaty of Hadiach was approved by Polish king and the
Sejm on 22 May 1659 but with an amended text. The idea of a Ruthenian Duchy within the Commonwealth was completely abandoned. It was a Commonwealth attempt to regain influence over the Ukrainian territories, which had been lost after the series of Cossack uprisings (like the
Khmelnytsky Uprising) and growing influence of Russia over the Cossacks (like the 1654
Pereiaslav Agreement). Hetman Vyhovsky supported the negotiations with the Commonwealth, especially after he suppressed a revolt led by the colonel of Poltava,
Martyn Pushkar, and severed relations with
Tsardom of Russia for its violations of the Pereiaslav Agreement of 1654. The Treaty of Hadiach was, however, viewed by many Cossacks as "too little, too late", and they especially opposed the agreement to return the land property to the szlachta. After the 1648 revolt, the Commonwealth was very unpopular with ordinary Cossacks. Rank-and-file Cossacks saw the Orthodox Tsardom of Russia as their natural ally and did not care for an alliance with the overwhelmingly-Catholic Commonwealth. Furthermore, Hadiach was too much a deal that merely benefited the elite of the Cossacks, the starshyna, who wanted to be recognized as equal to the Polish nobility. Thus, while some Cossacks, among them the hetman
Ivan Vyhovsky supported the Commonwealth, many opposed it, and Cossack unrest continued in Ukraine. The Commonwealth position was further weakened by a string of losses in the
Russo-Polish War (1654–1667). The Tsar felt threatened by the Treaty of Hadiach, which weakened his hold on Cossacks. The Russians saw the treaty as an act of war and, even before its ratification, sent an army into Ukraine. Although Polish-Lithuanian forces under
Stefan Czarniecki dealt a defeat to Russian forces at the
Battle of Polonka and recaptured
Vilnius in 1660, the lack of other Commonwealth military successes, especially in Ukraine, further undermined Cossack support of the Commonwealth. Vyhovsky's early success at the
Battle of Konotop in June 1659 was not decisive enough and was followed by a series of defeats. The Russian garrisons in Ukraine continued to hold out; a Zaporozhian attack on the
Crimean Khanate forced Vyhovsky's
Tatar allies to return home, and unrest broke out in the
Poltava region. Finally, several pro-Russian colonels rebelled and accused Vyhovsky of "selling Ukraine out to the Poles". Unable to continue the war, Vyhovsky resigned in October 1659 and retired to Poland. The situation was further complicated by the
Ottoman Empire, which tried to gain control of the disputed region and played all factions against one another. Meanwhile, the Commonwealth was weakened by
Lubomirski's rebellion. The treaty was mostly repeated in the 1660
Treaty of Chudnov. In the end, Russia was victorious, as seen in the 1667
Truce of Andrusovo and the
Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1686). Ukrainian Cossacks fell under the Russian sphere of influence, with much fewer privileges under the
Hetmanate than would have been granted under the Treaty of Hadiach. By the late 18th century, Cossack political influence was almost destroyed by the
Russian Empire. ==Second Treaty of Hadiach==