, photographed by
Felice Beato, 2 November 1860, just days after he signed the treaty on 24 October 1860. In the convention, the
Xianfeng Emperor ratified the
Treaty of Tientsin (1858). In 1860, the area known as
Kowloon was originally negotiated for lease in March, but in few months' time, the Convention of Peking ended the lease, and ceded the land formally to the British on 24 October. Article 6 of the Convention between China and the United Kingdom stipulated that China was to cede the part of Kowloon Peninsula south of present-day
Boundary Street,
Kowloon, and
Hong Kong (including
Stonecutters Island) in perpetuity to Britain.
Manchuria The treaty also confirmed the cession of the entirety of what is now known as
Outer Manchuria to the Russian Empire, a total of 400,000 square kilometers, with Russia achieving the strategic goal of sealing off Chinese access to the
Sea of Japan. It granted Russia the right to the
Ussuri krai, a part of the modern day
Primorye, the territory that corresponded with the ancient
Manchu province of
East Tartary. See
Treaty of Aigun (1858),
Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) and
Sino-Russian border conflicts. In addition to ceding territory that had been ruled by the Qing dynasty, the treaty also ceded territory under
Korean jurisdiction, notably the island (by that time and currently a peninsula at the southernmost end of
Primorsky Krai) of
Noktundo. This was not known to the Koreans until the 1880s (20 or so years after the signing of the treaty, to which Korea was not a party), at which point it became a matter of official protest as the Koreans asserted that the Qing had no authority to cede Noktundo to Russia. According to the Institute of Qing History the ceding of territory which created the modern
border between Russia and North Korea and blocks China's access to the
Sea of Japan was caused as a result of mismanagement during the demarcation process: Article 1 of the 1860 Sino-Russian Peking Convention stipulates that the southeastern section of the Sino-Russian eastern border "...from the mouth of the Bailing River along the mountains to the mouth of the Hubutu River, and then from the mouth of the Hubutu River along the
Hunchun River and the ridge between the sea to the mouth of the Tumen River, the east belongs to Russia; the west belongs to China." In 1861, Chinese and Russian representatives signed the "Sino-Russian Eastern Boundary Agreement: (), in which the border between the two countries is on the east bank of the Tumen River estuary and the Sea of Japan. The coast from the north-eastern bank of the lower reaches of the Tumen River to the coast of the Sea of Japan still belongs to China, where China separates Russia and Korea through the 3km wide Japanese coast. However, the "Border Map from the Ussuri River to the Sea" () document handed to China by Russia in 1862 shows that the border between the two countries is 20km north of the Tumen River estuary. This omission was allegedly caused by the director of the
Ministry of Revenue Cheng Qi, who was serving as the special Chinese envoy for Sino-Russian border survey in 1861. Cheng Qi was addicted to opium and went to nearby
Jilin City to replenish his drug stash, and entrusted the establishment of the
border markers entirely to the Russian survey representatives. The Russian side took the opportunity to unilaterally draw a boundary map, thereby connecting Russia and the
Korean Peninsula across the Tumen River, gaining a foothold for invading Korea, and blocking China's passage to the Sea of Japan through the Tumen River. Cheng Qi was shortly fired from all official posts after the incident. ==Aftermath==