Alfred Kroeber

in 1911 Kroeber was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, to parents of German Protestant origin. His mother, Johanna Mueller (or Muller), was an American descended from German immigrants after 1848, sister to three brothers, including Hermann (the father of Hermann Joseph Muller) and Otto (the grandfather of Herbert J. Muller) . Kroeber's father, Florenz (or Florence) Friederick Martin Kroeber, came to the United States from Germany at the age of ten, with his parents and family, and became an importer of French clocks as his wife's father, Nicholas Mueller. The family belonged to a German-American milieu that was upper middle-class, classical and rationalistic, and schooled in the German intellectual tradition. Alfred's family moved into New York City when Alfred was quite young, and he was tutored and attended private schools there. He had three younger siblings and all had scholarly interests. The family was bilingual, speaking German at home, and Kroeber also began to study Latin and Greek in school, beginning a lifelong interest in languages. basing his 28-page dissertation on decorative symbolism on his field work among the Arapaho. It was the first doctorate in anthropology awarded by Columbia. Kroeber spent most of his career in California, primarily at the University of California, Berkeley. He was both a professor of Anthropology and the Director of what was then the University of California Museum of Anthropology (now the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology). The anthropology department's headquarters building at the University of California was named Kroeber Hall in his honor, before being unnamed January 26, 2021, in order to "help Berkeley recognize a challenging part of our history, while better supporting the diversity of today's academic community." He was associated with Berkeley until his retirement in 1946. He died in Paris on October 5, 1960. ==Personal life==

Kroeber married Henriette Rothschild in 1906. She contracted tuberculosis and died in 1913, after several years of illness. This is the first scholarly book on Ishi to contain essays by Native American writers and academics. After her husband's death, Theodora Kroeber wrote a biography of him, titled Alfred Kroeber: A Personal Configuration. It was published by the University of California Press in 1970. David G. Mandelbaum, a cultural anthropologist and former colleague of Alfred, stated that this biography was just as important a work from an anthropologist's perspective as Ishi in Two Worlds. ==Influence==

Although he is known primarily as a cultural anthropologist, he did significant work in archaeology and anthropological linguistics, and he contributed to anthropology by making connections between archaeology and culture. He conducted excavations in New Mexico, Mexico, and Peru. In Peru he helped found the Institute for Andean Studies (IAS) with the Peruvian anthropologist Julio C. Tello and other major scholars. Kroeber and his students did important work collecting cultural data on western tribes of Native Americans. The work done in preserving information about Californian tribes appeared in Handbook of the Indians of California (1925). In that book, Kroeber first described a pattern in Californian groups where a social unit was smaller and less hierarchically organized than a tribe, which was elaborated upon in The Patwin and their Neighbors His second wife, Theodora Kracaw Kroeber, wrote a well-known biography of Ishi, Ishi in Two Worlds. Kroeber's relationship with Ishi was the subject of a film, The Last of His Tribe (1992), starring Jon Voight as Kroeber and Graham Greene as Ishi. Kroeber's textbook, Anthropology (1923, 1948), was widely used for many years. In the late 1940s, it was one of ten books required as reading for all students during their first year at Columbia University. His book, Configurations of Cultural Growth (1944), had a lasting impact on social scientific research on genius and greatness; Kroeber believed that genius arose out of culture at particular times, rather than holding to "the great man" theory. Kroeber's childhood friend Carl Alsberg described him as a "good listener" and able "to be objective, to see the other point of view, to penetrate behind another person's behavior to his underlying thought [...] These traits indicate a sincerity and simplicity of character that primitive peoples sense at once and to which they respond by giving their confidence." From 1920 to 1923 Kroeber conducted an active practice as a lay psychoanalyst, with an office in San Francisco. ==Indian land claims==

Kroeber served early on as the plaintiffs' director of research in Indians of California v. the United States, a land claim case. Omer Stewart of the University of Colorado served as associate director. Ralph Beals of the University of California, Los Angeles, served as director of research for the federal government in the case. Both men were former students of Kroeber. Kroeber's impact on the Indian Claims Commission may well have established the way expert witnesses presented testimony before the tribunal. Several of his former students also served as expert witnesses; for instance, Stewart directed the plaintiff research for the Ute and for the Shoshone peoples. ==Awards and honors==

• Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1912) • Kroeber received five honorary degrees (Yale, California, Harvard, Columbia, Chicago) • He was awarded two gold medals. • He held honorary membership in 16 scientific societies. • President of the American Anthropological Association (1917–1918) • Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences (1928) • Member of the American Philosophical Society (1941) == See also ==

• Indian Myths of South Central California (1907), in University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 4:167–250. Berkeley. • The Religion of the Indians of California (1907), in University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 4:6. • • Handbook of the Indians of California (1925), Washington, D.C.: Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78 • "Native American Population" (1934) in American Anthropologist, Vol. 36, No. 1. • The Nature of Culture (1952). University of Chicago. • with Clyde Kluckhohn: Culture. A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (1952). Cambridge. • Paracas Cavernas and Chavin (1953). Letras (Lima), 19(49), 49–71. • Style and Civilizations Westport Conn.: Greenwood, 1957. • Anthropology: Culture Patterns & Processes (1963). New York: Harcourt, Brace & World (earlier editions in 1923 and 1948). ==References==