Trisops

Force free plasma vortices have uniform magnetic helicity and therefore are stable against many instabilities. Typically, the current decays faster in the colder regions until the gradient in helicity is large enough to allow a turbulent redistribution of the current. Force free vortices follow these equations: : \begin{align} \vec{\nabla} \times \vec{B} = \alpha\vec{B} \\ \vec{v} = \pm\beta\vec{B} \end{align} The first equation describes a Lorentz force-free fluid: the \vec{j} \times \vec{B} forces are everywhere zero. For a laboratory plasma α is a constant and β is a scalar function of spatial coordinates. The magnetic flux surfaces are toroidal, with the current being totally toroidal at the core of the torus and totally poloidal at the surface of the torus. This is similar to the field configuration of a tokamak, except that the field-producing coils are simpler and do not penetrate the plasma torus. Unlike most plasma structures, the Lorentz force and the Magnus force, \rho\vec{\nabla} \times \vec{v} , play equivalent roles. \rho is the mass density. == Project ==

Dr. Daniel Wells, while working on the Stellarator at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory in the 1960s conceived of colliding and then compressing stable force free plasma toroids to produce conditions needed for thermonuclear fusion. He named the concept in support of Project Sherwood. He later moved to the University of Miami where he set up the Trisops machine, supported by the National Science Foundation and Florida Power and Light. The project continued until 1978, when the National Science Foundation (NSF) discontinued the grant and the United States Department of Energy (DOE) did not pick up the support. == Machine ==

The fourth and final version of the Trisops machine consisted of DC mirror coils producing a 0.5 T guide field, two conical θ-pinch guns which produced two counter-rotating plasma vortices inside a pyrex vacuum chamber. The vortices approached each other, collided, repelled each other, and finally came to rest. At that time the compression coils produced a 3.5 T field with a quarter-cycle rise time of 10 μs. == Results ==

The compressed rings retained their structure for 5 μs, with a density of 2 × 1017 cm−3, an ion temperature of 5 keV, an electron temperature of 300 eV. Defunding prevented further measurements to resolve the discrepancy between the above figures, and the plasma electron-ion temperature equilibration time of 1 μs. == Followup ==

The project lost funding in 1978. The machine was disassembled and remained at the University of Miami until 1997. Then, the machine was moved to Lanham, Maryland and reassembled for the CMTX project (see reference). , the status of the project and the machine are unknown. == References ==