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Madrid Codex (Maya)

The Madrid Codex is one of four surviving pre-Columbian Maya books dating to the Postclassic period of Mesoamerican chronology. The Madrid Codex was produced in western Yucatán, Mexico, today is held by the Museo de América in Madrid and is considered to be the most important piece in its collection. However, the original is not on display due to its fragility; an accurate reproduction is displayed in its stead. At one point in time the codex was split into two pieces, given the names "Codex Troano" and "Codex Cortesianus". In the 1880s, Leon de Rosny, an ethnologist, realised that the two pieces belonged together, and helped combine them into a single text. This text was subsequently brought to Madrid, and given the name "Madrid Codex", which remains its most common name today.

Physical characteristics
The Codex was made from a long strip of amate paper that was folded up accordion-style. This paper was then coated with a thin layer of fine stucco, which was used as the painting surface. Each page measures roughly . ==Content==
Content
The Madrid Codex is the longest of the surviving Maya codices. Included in the codex is a description of the New Year ceremony. The codex is stylistically uniform, leading Coe and Kerr to suggest that it was the work of a single scribe. Closer analysis of glyphic elements suggests that a number of scribes were involved in its production, perhaps as many as eight or nine, who produced consecutive sections of the manuscript. The religious content of the codex makes it likely that the scribes themselves were members of the priesthood. The codex probably was passed down from priest to priest and each priest who received the book added a section in his own hand. Other images show deities smoking sikar (see tables 25, 26, and 34 of the Codex), similar to modern cigars made of tobacco leaves. ==Origin==
Origin
According to the codex content it was created in the northwestern part of Yucatán since the document presents the same year-bearers of the Mayapán calendar (''K'an, Muluk, Ix and Kawak'') and the same symbology used in the region as well as the same New Year rituals and cemonies that were recorded and described by Bishop Diego de Landa in 1566 performed by the Maya of northwestern Yucatán. have suggested that the Madrid Codex dates to after the Spanish conquest, but the evidence overwhelmingly favors a pre-conquest date for the document. The language used in the document is the hieroglyphic writing of Yucatec Maya which is part of the Yucatecan group of Mayan languages that includes Yucatec, Itza, Lacandon, and Mopan; these languages are distributed across the Yucatán Peninsula, including Chiapas, Belize, and the Guatemalan department of Petén. Other scholars have expressed a differing opinion, noting that the codex is similar in style to murals found at Chichen Itza, Mayapan, and sites on the east coast such as Santa Rita, Tankah, and Tulum. this theory has been debunked and discarded due to the fact that the pages were pasted years later after the creation of the codex and they don't have any actual proof or context related to the site but it led to other hypothesis since the content of the text could have been a Crusade Bull, this would indicate that the codex was most likely acquired by Spanish priests as part of the Maya codices confiscated in 1607 by the commissioner of the Holy Crusade in Yucatan, Pedro Sánchez de Aguilar, in Chancenote, eastern Yucatan, where in addition to clay figures, he also recorded that two codices were confiscated. ==Discovery==
Discovery
The codex was discovered in Spain in the 1860s, and was divided into two parts of differing sizes that were found in different locations. The codex receives its alternate name of the Tro-Cortesianus Codex after the two parts that were separately discovered. The larger fragment, the Troano Codex, was published with an erroneous translation in 1869–1870 by French scholar Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, who found it in the possession of Juan de Tro y Ortolano in Madrid in 1866 and first identified it as a Maya book. Ownership of the Troano Codex passed to the Museo Arqueológico Nacional ("National Archaeological Museum") in 1888. The Museo Arqueológico Nacional acquired the Cortesianus Codex from book-collector José Ignacio Miró in 1872. Miró claimed to have recently purchased the codex in Extremadura. Extremadura is the province from which Francisco de Montejo and many of his conquistadors came, One of these conquistadors possibly brought the codex to Spain; the director of the Museo Arqueológico Nacional named the Cortesianus Codex after Hernán Cortés, supposing that he himself had brought the codex to Spain. == Gallery ==
Gallery
File:Animal figures in the Maya codices (Plate 11) BHL41003938.jpg|Animal figures of serpents in the Maya codices File:Codex Tro-Cortesianus ff 75-76.jpg|Codex Tro-Cortesianus, pages: 75-76 Madrid rosny bb 0033.jpg|Page 34: astronomy Madrid Codex page.jpg| Facsímil Códice Tro-Cortesiano.JPG Bulletin (1915) (14578611557).jpg|Middle divisions of pages 10 and 11 of the Codex Tro-Cortesiano, showing one tonalamatl extending across the two pages Alice D. Le Plongeon (American, active Mexico 1880s) - Page of Troano Manuscript - Google Art Project.jpg|Reproduction of page of Troano Manuscript File:Maya Hieroglyphs Plate 30.jpg|Page 102 of the Codex Tro-Cortesiano, showing tonalamatls in the lower three divisions ==See also==
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