Trophoblast

The trophoblast is the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst. Trophoblasts are present four days after fertilization in humans. They provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta. They form during the first stage of pregnancy and are the first cells to differentiate from the fertilized egg to become extraembryonic structures that do not directly contribute to the embryo. After blastulation, the trophoblast is contiguous with the ectoderm of the embryo and is referred to as the trophectoderm. After the first differentiation, the cells in the human embryo lose their totipotency because they can no longer form a trophoblast. They become pluripotent stem cells.

Structure

and syncytiotrophoblast during implantation The trophoblast proliferates and differentiates into two cell layers at approximately six days after fertilization for humans. == Function ==

Function

Trophoblasts are specialized cells of the placenta that play an important role in embryo implantation and interaction with the decidualized maternal uterus. The core of placental villi contain mesenchymal cells and placental blood vessels that are directly connected to the fetus’ circulation via the umbilical cord. This core is surrounded by two layers of trophoblasts, the cytotrophoblast and the syncytiotrophoblast. The cytotrophoblast is a layer of mono-nucleated cells that resides underneath the syncytiotrophoblast. The syncytiotrophoblast is composed of fused cytotrophoblasts which then form a layer that covers the placental surface. ==Clinical significance==

Clinical significance

The invasion of a specific type of trophoblast (extravillous trophoblast) into the maternal uterus is a vital stage in the establishment of pregnancy. Failure of the trophoblast to invade sufficiently is important in the development of some cases of pre-eclampsia. Invasion of the trophoblast too deeply may cause conditions such as placenta accreta, placenta increta, or placenta percreta. Gestational trophoblastic disease is a pregnancy-associated concept, forming from the villous and extravillous trophoblast cells in the placenta. Choriocarcinoma are trophoblastic tumors that form in the uterus from villous cells. In the placenta, these stem cells are able to differentiate into any trophoblast cell because they are pluripotent. ==Additional images==

Additional images

File:Gray10.png|Blastodermic vesicle of Vespertilio murinus. File:Gray11.png|Section through embryonic disk of Vespertilio murinus. File:Gray35.png|Transverse section of a chorionic villus. File:Gray39.png|Scheme of placental circulation. File:HumanEmbryogenesis.svg|The initial stages of human embryogenesis File:Histopathology of tubal pregnancy.jpg|Histopathology of a chorionic villus, in a tubal pregnancy, with labeled cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts. == See also ==

Source: Wikipedia ↗

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