To Catch a Predator

pictured in 2021 To Catch a Predator began as a series of segments on the American NBC news magazine/reality show Dateline NBC, premiering under the title Dangerous Web in 2004. In its four years of production, it grew to become the most popular segment on Dateline, its cultural status underlined by satirical references in parodies and other comedies, such as The Simpsons, 30 Rock, and Conan O'Brien's opening sketch at the 58th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2006. The show's host Chris Hansen clarified in an interview with NPR News that the subjects confronted on the show should be labelled properly as potential sexual predators and not as pedophiles. Hansen stated, "Pedophiles have a very specific definition, people who are interested in prepubescent sex." The first two investigations did not include law enforcement officers on site, and individuals caught in the sting were allowed to leave voluntarily, though Dateline provided all video and transcripts to law enforcement and suspects were eventually arrested. Arrests are sometimes made in a dramatic fashion by multiple officers who, with Tasers drawn, ambush the suspect and command him to lie face-down on the ground before being handcuffed. In the Fort Myers investigation, a police officer in camouflage sometimes arrested the perpetrators as they left the sting house. Tasers are sometimes shown being used to subdue fleeing or merely unresponsive individuals. The show was cancelled in 2008. In an interview with Time magazine, Hansen stated that the show had simply run its course. == Investigations ==

Bethpage, New York The first installment drew 18 men throughout two and a half days to a sting house in Bethpage, New York. One of the men arrested in the series' 2004 investigation, Ryan Hogan, was a New York City firefighter, assigned to Engine Company 237 in Brooklyn, who used a firehouse computer while on duty in order to lure a Perverted-Justice agent posing as a teenage girl to have sex with him. On June 8, 2006, Hogan pleaded guilty to putting obscene photos of himself on the Internet, as part of a plea agreement. He was sentenced to five years of probation, continued psychological treatment, and submission to random polygraph tests. Herndon, Virginia An hour-long special that premiered in November 2005 depicted an operation in Herndon, Virginia, in the suburbs of Washington, D.C., and saw 19 men arrive over three days. Among the men caught were a rabbi, Rabbi David Kaye, an emergency room doctor, Dr. Jeffrey Beck, and an elementary school teacher, Steven Bennof, who lost their jobs after taping. One of the more memorable predators caught included a man by the name of John Kennelly, who arrived at the sting house naked and was caught by Dateline the very next day at a McDonalds in Arlington, Virginia trying to meet another decoy. Mira Loma, California Fifty-one men were caught in Mira Loma, California, over the course of three days. Greenville, Ohio The premise behind the fourth Dateline investigation was to see if internet predators were as big a problem in small towns as in big cities, so Dateline set up operations in Greenville, Ohio. In total, 18 men were arrested over three days between March 24 and 26, 2006. Fort Myers, Florida By June 30, 2009, all the cases stemming from investigations in Fort Myers, Florida, made it through the court system. Of the 24 men captured as a result of the investigation, 20 were convicted of using the Internet to solicit a child for sex. The 20 sentenced men were ordered to register as sex offenders for the rest of their lives. Among them included a Sunday school teacher, Brian Emmons, a teen mental health counselor; Peter Ernandez, a youth counselor and medical student who was studying to be a pediatrician, who stripped naked; Marvin Lakhan, Fredi Fernandez, a security guard at the Miami National airport, as well as Clifford Wallach, a man who brought his son to the house. Most of them were also put on sex offender probation. Fortson (Columbus), Georgia The sheriff's department in Harris County, Georgia, had arrested 20 men over four-and-a-half days in a sting operation in Fortson, a suburb of Columbus. Shortly after the first half of this investigation aired, the Georgia Governor's office announced a new Child Safety Initiative which would triple the number of special agents in the Georgia Bureau of Investigation dedicated to catching Internet predators and double the number of forensic computer specialists dedicated to helping prosecute computer crimes. Petaluma, California In January 2010, Lt. Matthew Stapleton of the Police Department of Petaluma, California, credited a To Catch a Predator sting operation with scaring potential predators away from Petaluma. Referring to later decoy operations by local police, Stapleton said, "As soon as they found out that we were from the Petaluma area, they completely cut off communication with us." However, after six days of testimony, a judge threw out the case against one of the defendants and criticized the tactics used by Datelines partner, Perverted-Justice, for engaging in entrapment. Long Beach, California To Catch a Predator's eighth investigation was a two-part special shot in Long Beach, California. The investigation resulted in the arrest of 38 men, one of whom had previously appeared in the Riverside County investigation. Murphy, Texas The ninth investigation was shot in Murphy, Texas, just outside of Dallas. 25 men were caught at the sting lasting four days. The apprehended included a former church music director and a former police officer in his 60s. The charges for this investigation were later dropped. Flagler Beach, Florida The tenth investigation in the series was shot in Flagler Beach, Florida. Over the course of four days, 21 men were arrested, including a police officer who brought several guns. In one of the cases, a judge ordered Chris Hansen to testify at a deposition about what he witnessed. Mantoloking, New Jersey The penultimate investigation was shot in Mantoloking, New Jersey; the wealthiest municipality in the state. Bowling Green, Kentucky When Dateline conducted an investigation in Bowling Green, Kentucky, only seven men showed up to the decoy house, a sharp decline from previous Dateline investigations. The men arrested include a man with cerebral palsy and a man who claimed to be a police detective, who was tasered due to his claim that he had brought a gun with him. The taser probes failed to stick, so police chased him into the house, where he was subdued. It was later discovered that he was no longer a police officer at the time and had actually been fired. All men arrested faced five to ten years in prison if convicted. ==Suicide of Bill Conradt==

In November 2006, Perverted-Justice announced that another To Catch a Predator sting had been conducted with law enforcement in Murphy, Texas. There were 25 men who arrived at the location on Mandeville Drive over four days, with law enforcement investigating additional suspects that did not arrive. These additional suspects, who conducted chats but did not arrive at the undercover house, included Kaufman County assistant district attorney Bill Conradt, who shot and killed himself on November 5, 2006, at his home when police attempted to serve him with a search warrant. After Conradt failed to appear at a prearranged meeting, NBC and local police tracked him to his home. Conradt killed himself as police and an NBC camera crew entered his home, capturing the scene when the fatal shot was fired. On June 1, 2007, the Collin County district attorney's office declined to prosecute any of the 23 cases brought against those arrested on this installment of the show, citing insufficient evidence. District Attorney John Roach explained that in 16 of the cases, he had no jurisdiction because the decoys and suspects who participated in the online chats were not in that county when they did so, a point seconded by Assistant DA Doris in a 2009 Esquire article. Berry also discovered that the Murphy Police Department had done "literally no prior investigation" before making the arrests, thus making most, if not all of them, illegal under Texas law. Furthermore, Roach explained, the involvement of non-professionals tainted many of the cases, stating, "The fact that somebody besides police officers were involved is what makes this case bad. If professionals had been running the show, they would have done a much better job rather than being at the beck and call of outsiders.” The use of a residential neighborhood for the sting was also criticized by those who lived near the house used for the operation, one of whom stated that the speeding up of cars up and down the street and the sprinting of police from hiding spots with guns drawn, which led one suspect to drop a bag of crack cocaine, endangered the neighborhood. Another neighbor commented, "They can chase predators all they want, but they shouldn't do it in a populated area with children, two blocks from an elementary school. This is a family community. It didn't look kosher at all." Additional reporting by Esquire in 2009 disputed this claim. Neither NBC News nor Perverted-Justice cooperated with Ross's report. NBC News accused ABC News of using the 20/20 report as a hit piece on the rival news magazine Dateline NBC. NBC News president Steve Capus told USA Today, "I chalk this up to the usual network silly competitiveness, in a territory of a much more serious handling. The competitive wars [for ratings] right now are at a very high level...That's fueling this." The allegations were denied by Ross, who was formerly a reporter for NBC News. Lawsuit In late 2007, Conradt's sister, Patricia Conradt, sued NBC Universal. Similarly to the investigation conducted by 20/20, she stated that the police had raided Conradt's house at the behest of NBC. In January 2008, federal judge Denny Chin dismissed most of Conradt's claims, but found that she had a reasonable chance of proving that NBC had pressed police into engaging in unreasonable and unnecessary tactics solely for entertainment value, thus creating "a substantial risk of suicide or other harm". He also found that Conradt could prove that police disregarded their duty to prevent Conradt from killing himself and that NBC's actions amounted to "conduct so outrageous and extreme that no civilized society should tolerate it". In June 2008, NBC and Patricia Conradt settled the case for an undisclosed sum. ==Episodes==

This is an episode guide for the television airings of the respective investigations. }} }} == Criticism ==

The series was accused of making news rather than reporting news, blurring the line between being a news organization versus an agency of law enforcement. Among the more prominent critics of the series has been Brian Montopoli of the CBS News Public Eye blog and formerly of the Columbia Journalism Review. Montopoli argues that although Dateline NBC leaves legal punishment up to police and prosecutors, broadcasting the suspects on national television, in the context of exposing criminal behavior, is already a form of punishment which the media have no right to inflict. Montopoli also suggests that NBC News is more concerned about ratings than actually bringing online predators to justice: In the United Kingdom, columnist and television critic Charlie Brooker wrote of the show, "When a TV show makes you feel sorry for potential child-rapists, you know it's doing something wrong". He also commented on the "overpowering whiff of entrapment" and the potential for viewer complicity. Brooker also mentioned the selection process for the actress as being disturbing by adding "Presumably someone at To Catch a Predator HQ sat down with a bunch of audition tapes and spooled through it, trying to find a sexy 18-year-old who could pass for 13. They'll have stared at girl after girl, umming and ahhing over their chest sizes, until they found just the right one. And like I say, she's hot. But if you fancy her, you're a paedophile." In May 2007, Marsha Bartel, a former investigative producer for Dateline, filed a $1 million breach of contract lawsuit against NBC, stating that the network fired her the year prior, with three years left on her four-year contract, and after 21 years at the company, after she refused to work on the To Catch a Predator because of ethical concerns she had about the series. Specifically, she said that Perverted-Justice failed to keep accurate, verifiable records of its online interactions with suspects, which had been cited by some of the arrested men's attorneys who argued they were victims of entrapment. NBC, however, stated that Bartel was terminated because of budget cutbacks. The lawsuit was dismissed by in October 2007. Federal Judge John W. Darrah explained that under New York law, NBC has the legal right to dismiss employees without notification. NBC reacted to the outcome by issuing a statement that read "We believed from the beginning that this case was without merit and we are pleased with the judge's decision." In September 2008, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the judgment on appeal. Entrapment claims Entrapment is a practice where a law enforcement agent induces a person to commit a criminal offense that the person would have otherwise been unlikely or unwilling to commit. It can be used as a legal defense for actions committed by the government but does not apply to investigative actions taken by a purely private organization. Although entrapment does not ordinarily apply to actions taken by private organizations, when Perverted-Justice works sufficiently in concert with a law enforcement agency, the involvement of the state actor may allow for an entrapment defense. Perverted-Justice takes the position that it has precautions in place to avoid entrapment issues, claiming that volunteers never initiate contact with the target or instigate lewd conversations or talks of sexual meetings. However, former Dateline anchor Stone Phillips disputes that claim, arguing that, "In many cases, the decoy is the first to bring up the subject of sex." Phillips defended the tactic as enticement as opposed to entrapment, stating that, "Once the hook is baited, the fish jump and run with it like you wouldn't believe." After a sting operation conducted by Perverted-Justice with the Riverside County Sheriff's Department, a court rejected a defendant's entrapment defense, finding no evidence to support the claim that Perverted-Justice acted as an agent of law enforcement. The conviction was affirmed on appeal, which noted the trial court's observation that the defendant initiated the contact with a Perverted-Justice agent that he had thought was a 12-year-old girl. In 2011, a case against a man who had appeared on the show was dismissed because the trial court judge did not find proof of a specific intent to commit the crime. The judge criticized the tactics used by Perverted-Justice, which he suggested lacked credibility and constituted in entrapment. Charges dropped In June 2007, Perverted-Justice was criticized following a sting operation in Collin County, Texas, after charges against 23 suspected online sex predators were dropped. Collin County Assistant District Attorney Greg Davis claimed the cases were dropped after Perverted-Justice failed to provide enough usable evidence that crimes were committed within the county's jurisdiction. Perverted-Justice responded by stating that the district attorney's office was changing its explanation for dropping the charges and "could not defend the claim that the evidence was 'inadequate'". Conflict of interest Beginning with the fourth investigation, Dateline began paying Perverted-Justice a consultant's fee to do its regular work; the fee was reported to have been over $100,000 for that operation. Al Tompkins of the Poynter Institute for Media Studies suggested that this payment created a potential conflict of interest for Perverted-Justice, an organization run largely on the efforts of volunteers, and furthermore, that for Dateline to pay this fee would be tantamount to paying news sources, a practice widely frowned upon in the journalism industry. The department kept itself separate from Dateline staff during the sting as well, to avoid legal hassles later on, says Burns. Officials were positioned in a location near but not inside the house where offenders arrived for meetings. Communications and video equipment permitted authorities to keep tabs on what transpired, and all chats were transmitted directly to officials as they took place. "We didn't want to blur the line of ethics between law enforcement and the media," Burns explained. "We didn't even speak to Dateline officials during the operations." Investigative journalist Byron Harris explained, "John Roach knew the money issue would come up in court as part of the required disclosure of benefits received by possible witnesses." Staged versions The series inspired a trend of YouTube prankster videos produced by individuals emulating To Catch a Predator as a form of social justice activism, without police involvement or legal qualifications. In these videos, when the sting is revealed to the would-be predator lured to the sting, unlike To Catch a Predator, the YouTubers scold the alleged perpetrator and allow them to leave. These videos were debunked as fake, and not actual stings of alleged criminals, which resulted in criticism and mockery by others in the YouTube community, and led some of the content creators behind them to quit YouTube entirely. Sarah Manavis, writing for New Statesman, criticized these videos, which garnered high viewerships and brand sponsorships, saying, "If the videos are, indeed, entirely staged, then we have a problem of YouTubers lying to their audiences whilst simultaneously self-aggrandising their own actions – painting themselves as white knights when, in reality, they’re just paying actors to make them look like heroes. But if the whole thing is in fact actually real, the YouTubers are literally letting child predators head off after almost committing a violent crime – managing to both find a child predator and equally letting them get away without any legal consequences." ==Similar projects==

In April 2015, Hansen announced the start of a Kickstarter campaign to fund an online spiritual successor to To Catch a Predator. The show granted him greater creative control, allowing him to use profanity and work further with local law enforcement entities. ==Book==

A spin-off book, To Catch a Predator: Protecting Your Children from Online Enemies Already in Your Home, was published in 2007. ==Documentary film Predators==

In 2025, director David Osit released his documentary Predators, chronicling the rise and fall of To Catch A Predator and interviewing Chris Hansen about his aims. In his Critic's Pick review for IndieWire, David Ehrlich referred to the film as "raw and riveting", and Variety critic Guy Lodge wrote, "Osit's brilliant, subtly needling film leaves us unnerved and alert, but not certain of our convictions – an outcome, perhaps, that more true-crime programming should pursue.". == See also ==