Overview It was launched on 28 October 1956 as the first
regular television service in Spain. It was the only one until 15 November 1966, when TVE launched a
second channel. As TVE held a
monopoly on television broadcasting in the country, they were the only television channels until the first regional public television station was launched on 16 February 1983, when started broadcasting in the
Basque Country.
Commercial television was launched on 25 January 1990, when started broadcasting nationwide. The channel was initially simply referred to as "" until the launch of its second channel in 1966. Since then it received other names, such as "", "", "TVE-1", "TVE1" or "" until it adopted its current name "" (
La uno) in 2008. Its headquarters and main production center is
Prado del Rey in
Pozuelo de Alarcón. Although almost all its programming is in Spanish and is the same for all of Spain, TVE has territorial centers in every
autonomous community and produces and broadcasts some local programming in
regional variations in each of them, such as
local news bulletins, in the corresponding
co-official language. On 1 January 2010, TVE stopped broadcasting
commercial advertising on all its channels, with only
self promotions, institutional campaigns and
sponsorships allowed. With analog service discontinued on 3 April 2010, it has only been available free-to-air through the
digital terrestrial television (DTT) ever since. and Teledeporte started their DDT
HDTV resolution simulcasts on 31 December 2013, initially in
720p and later in
1080i. With standard-definition feed discontinued on 11 February 2024, the
UHDTV regular simulcast in
4K resolution was launched nationwide.
Background Before the creation of the current
Televisión Española, Spain had experimental television broadcasts since as early as the late 1940s. Between 1 November 1950 and 1956,
Radio Nacional de España held an experimental service from the Paseo de La Habana studios in
Madrid, with coverage limited to the Madrid area and no less than fifteen television sets. In addition to live programs, on 24 October 1954 it aired the first live televised football match in Spanish TV history, between
Real Madrid and
Racing de Santander, with equipment borrowed from Marconi España. In December 1955, the bases were created for a new television organization, Televisión Española, through the approval of the National Television Plan. TVE-1's regular broadcasts began at 20:30, with the intervention of minister Arias Salgado and TVE's director. It was followed by a religious ceremony which blessed the studios in honor of
Saint Clare, patron saint of television. It was then followed by a musical interlude,
NO-DO documentaries, regional dances by Coros y Danzas de la
Sección Femenina, and a piano concert. The inaugural broadcast ended shortly before midnight. As there were no videotaping systems in place at the time, those first minutes are not in the channel's archives, relying only on the images captured by NO-DO. Gabriel Arias Salgadopronounced the first words: Today, 28 October, Sunday, day of Chirst the Lord, to whom all power has been granted to Heaven and Earth, marks the inauguration of the new equipment and studios of Televisión Española. Since the beginning, Televisión Española was known for rejecting the idea of being financed using a license fee, unlike what happened in other European countries, such as the
United Kingdom (
BBC) or
Italy (
RAI). The group developed a mixed financing system, based on the
General State Budget and advertising. However, the first television commercial did not air until 1957, in the form of a sponsor from
Westinghouse. For this reason, TVE's programming was seriously limited. In its early months, its airtime was reduced to three hours, from 21:00 to midnight. The television service was interrupted in the summer of 1957, going on vacation, but viewer protests caused TVE to refuse repeating this idea in the following year. Although in 1957 a television tax "based on the size of the screen" was suggested, the plan was quickly removed.
Development of television Over time, Televisión Española improved its programming with the arrival of new formats, such as game show
Preguntas al espacio presented by
Laura Valenzuela, the first known face of national television. Its most important event took place in September 1957, when the network imposed its own news services under the name
Telediario. TVE previously depended on NO-DO, the newsreel which was projected before movies in cinemas during the
dictatorship of Francisco Franco. Broadcasts were expanded to cover the afternoon, from 14:30 to the mid-afternoon, later returning in the evening. The first commercial breaks were also included, which joined the sponsorship agreements and became the primary source of revenue. Despite everything, the number of television sets continued to be low, with no less than 12 000 receivers. Most programs were produced live from the Paseo de La Habana studio, mostly music shows and drama works. The facilities had a 100-square meter set and programming was controlled by the state. The first recorded programs only arrived in 1958, with the airing of the US series
Sea Hunt. This was later followed by
I Love Lucy and
Perry Mason. The series arrived from South America with dubs made in
Puerto Rico and
Mexico; TVE only hired local dubbing studios from the mid-1970s. In February 1959, test broadcasts in other Spanish cities began, through a network of relayers. On 15 September, the Miramar studios in
Barcelona —
RTVE Cataluña— were inaugurated, beoming the second city to receive TVE's signal. One month later, a high-power relay was installed at
Alto de Guarramillas at
Sierra de Guadarrama (Madrid), which amplified the coverage radius to all of
Castilla. Relay stations were later installed one by one in subsequent years:
Valencia,
Zaragoza and
Bilbao (1960), Galicia and
Seville (1961),
Murcia (1962), and other provincial capitals. The network was completed in 1964 with the opening of a production center in the
Canary Islands —
RTVE Canarias— which was an autonomous operation until 1971. At the time, TVE's first international links through the
European Broadcasting Union, of which Radio Nacional was a member since 1955, took place, from the Miramar studios. The first event covered by the channel was the visit of US president
Dwight D. Eisenhower to Spain. TVE's definitive entrance into the EBU's
Eurovision network took place in December 1960, when it broadcast the marriage between
Fabiola de Mora y Aragón with King
Baudouin of Belgium. One year later, it took part in the
Eurovision Song Contest for the first time.
Consolidación de la primera cadena , winner of
1968 Eurovision Song Contest, representing TVE. Televisión Española's development was hampered by the paucity of television sets, such were imported and taxed for being luxury items. This situation changed from 1962, with the arrival of
Manuel Fraga to the Information Ministry and the naming of
Jesús Aparicio-Bernal as RTVE's general directors. The new direction gave impulse to the construction of the
Prado del Rey studios, inaugurated on 18 July 1964 with the presence of Francisco Franco. The new facilties had larger sets and new technical equipment, improving the situation of television in Spain. Moreover, on 1 January 1965, TVE started testing its second television channel, which broadcast on the UHF band, hence the codename
UHF (currently,
La 2). TVE moved alternative programs to the second channel, while making the first channel as a family-oriented generalist service. On the other hand, TVE-1 was the more accessible channel out of the two for the general population, because most television sets only picked up VHF signals and, to receive UHF signals, these sets required a UHF converter. VHF-UHF television sets were still scarce at the time. Demand for television in Spain grew thanks to the success of presenters such as Laura Valenzuela or weatherman
Mariano Medina, the football and bullfighting broadcasts, and the increasing amount of US-made television series. In 1964, the number of viewers finally surpassed one million, and to impulse the new technology, the government suppressed the luxury tax for each receiver, enabling them to be bought in quotas. In addition, places known as opened, which had a television set for smaller villages and brought the technology to distant areas of the country. Finally, several events accelerated the consolidation of TVE and its first channel, due to its wide following. First came Spain's victory in the
1968 Eurovision Song Contest and the hosting of the event
the next year, followed by
the moon landings, commented by
Jesús Hermida. Game shows such as
Cesta y puntos,
Un millón para el mejor or
Un, dos, tres... responda otra vez and drama slots such as
Estudio 1 also gained popularity. These developments enabled the multiplication of the amount of sets available, reaching four million in 1970. During
Juan José Rosón's period in front of
RTVE, he aspired producing and airing quality products to improve the country's image abroad. Key examples included
Historia de la frivolidad from
Narciso Ibáñez Serrador and
El Irreal Madrid from
Valerio Lazarov. On the other hand, TVE started airing in colour, on this channel, using the PAL system. The standard was introduced in 1969 and it technically enabled color braodcasting, even though TVE's infrastructure wasn't ready for that. The 1969 Eurovision Song Contest, produced by TVE in Madrid, was recorded with color cameras borrowed from the BBC for the Eurovision network, but in Spain, it was only seen in black and white, a version that is still preserved at the TVE archives. Between 1967 and 1972, some color programs were shot on film cameras, though occasionally, and facing the
1972 Summer Olympics there was a test broadcast. Finally, TVE's first regular color broadcast came in September 1972 with the premiere of the music show
Divertido siglo. In 1973, a specific production area was built at the Prado del Rey studios, and color programes started increasing gradually until they occupied the entire schedule in 1978.
TVE-1 in democracy After the death of Francisco Franco, the first channel remained as the main public television channel, which had a generalist output. However, the end of the dictatorship and the
Spanish transition to democracy motivated the arrival of new formats to TVE, which was used as a medium to accelerate the democratic narrative. The news service gave voice to opposition figures which, in the past, did not appear due to censorship imposed by Franquism. On the other hand, series such as
Curro Jiménez and works such as
La barraca o
Los gozos y las sombras, emerged, which broke from the channel's prior format of a family channel. Also successful were the
Lorimar series
Dallas and
Falcon Crest, whose ratings surpassed over ten million viewers. New formats grew after the arrival of the first
PSOE government in the 1980s and its first two director-generals:
José María Calviño and
Pilar Miró. Under the two mandates, the first channel's schedule became more dynamic and paved way for more alternative formats such as
La bola de cristal or
Planeta imaginario. Spanish programming increased, especially in fiction and comedy, and the schedule adopted a more fixed layout in terms of genres and airtimes, with limited variations and blocks of series, which consolidated a fixed timeslot for the viewer. Although TVE-1 did a few experimental morning airings since the 1960s, it did not start regular service until 13 January 1986, with the first airing of at 7:30am. The next year saw the arrival of , the first morning magazine directed by Jesús Hermida which also saw the rise in notoriety of
Nieves Herrero and
María Teresa Campos. In 1988, during Miró's mandate, the Estudios Buñuel complex in Madrid was inaugurated, which at the time had the largest TV studio in Europe (2400 m²), Studio L-3, to record programming that needed a large studio. The studios continued in operation until late 2015.
Arrival of private television '', formed by Juan Muñoz y José Mota. With the arrival of private television, Televisión Española restructured its two channels and centered its goal on TVE-1 competing with
Antena 3 and
Tele 5 in terms of content. That way, TVE-1 reaffirmed its position as a generalist channel, but opened its programming to a more commercial and less cultural array of formats, moving all of the alternative programming to La 2. An example was the proliferation of Latin American telenovelas in the afternoon schedule. The first of these was
Los ricos también lloran in 1986, during the morning schedule, and, later, in the afternoon,
Cristal,
Abigaíl or
Agujetas de color de rosa. In 1995, TVE-1 officially became , a name it kept until 2007 and maintained a commercial programming line, competing directly with the two main private networks. Despite the loss in viewers with the arrival of competition, TVE-1 was still the leader throughout all of the 90s and the early 2000s. Early 2000s hits included
Cuéntame cómo pasó, comedy shows from and the reality format
Operación Triunfo, whose first edition in 2001 was a social phenomenon, with ratings of up to 80% share. With the defeat of the
People's Party in
2004, the new prime minister,
José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, made a series of changes to Televisión Española's structure, which caused some criticism from the conservative sector. Although it kept its commercial profile, La Primera removed some programs which the corporation thought to be inappropriate and other that had lost ratings, such as
Noche de fiesta or
Operación Triunfo. There were also large changes in the news division. La Primera lost its annual leadership for the first time in 2004, falling behind Telecinco. At this time, it centered its efforts on national production and special events. This way, the channel (La 1 from 2007) recovered its leadership for a few months in 2008 yand full-time in 2009. From the changes in the method of electing presidents at RTVE and the removal of commercial advertising, the news operation had a greater independence than in the 1980s and 90s. Under the management of
Fran Llorente, who was its news director from 2004 to 2012, the second edition of
Telediario won the award for best newscast in the world at the Media Tenor Global TV Awards in 2009, and in 2011, it won the
Premio Nacional de Televisión. with the suppression of advertising on TVE from 2010, La 1 maintained its leadership in ratings in Spain until 2012, when it was surpassed by Telecinco and Antena 3. In the 2020s,the channel prioritizes news, original series and special events to compete against private channels, as well as promoting content for the streaming platform
RTVE Play. In July 2023, after eleven years, La 1 recovered its second position in ratings, placing it behind Antena 3. It recovered its first place in June 2024, largely due to
Euro 2024, which was won by the Spanish team. It kept in July because of the
2024 Summer Olympics, and since then, it had consolidated its position in second place, largely due to the success of formats such as
La revuelta and
La Promesa. ==Logo history==